“Mechanization Takes Command?”: Powered Machinery and Production Times in Late Nineteenth-Century American Manufacturing

IF 2.5 1区 历史学 Q2 ECONOMICS
Jeremy Atack, Robert A. Margo, Paul W. Rhode
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引用次数: 4

Abstract

During the nineteenth century, U.S. manufacturers shifted away from the “hand labor” mode of production, characteristic of artisan shops, to “machine labor,” which was increasingly concentrated in steam-powered factories. This transition fundamentally changed production tasks, jobs, and job requirements. This paper uses digitized data on these two production modes from an 1899 U.S. Commissioner of Labor report to estimate the frequency and impact of the use of inanimate power on production operation times. About half of production operations were mechanized; the use of inanimate power raised productivity, accounting for about one-quarter to one-third of the overall productivity advantage of machine labor. However, additional factors, such as the increased division of labor and adoption of high-volume production, also played quantitatively important roles in raising productivity in machine production versus by hand.

“机械化主导?”:十九世纪晚期美国制造业的动力机械与生产时代
在19世纪,美国制造商从手工作坊的“手工劳动”生产模式转向“机器劳动”,这种生产模式越来越多地集中在蒸汽动力工厂。这种转变从根本上改变了生产任务、工作和工作要求。本文使用1899年美国劳工专员报告中关于这两种生产模式的数字化数据来估计使用无生命动力对生产操作时间的频率和影响。大约一半的生产作业是机械化的;无生命动力的使用提高了生产率,约占机器劳动总体生产率优势的四分之一到三分之一。然而,其他因素,如劳动分工的增加和大批量生产的采用,在提高机器生产与手工生产的生产率方面也发挥了数量上的重要作用。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
4.80%
发文量
38
期刊介绍: The Journal of Economic History is devoted to the multidisciplinary study of history and economics, and is of interest not only to economic historians but to social and demographic historians, as well as economists in general. The journal has broad coverage, in terms of both methodology and geographic scope. Topics covered include money and banking, trade, manufacturing, technology, transportation, industrial organisation, labour, agriculture, servitude, demography, education, economic growth, and the role of government and regulation. In addition, an extensive book review section keeps readers informed about the latest work in economic history and related fields.
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