{"title":"The Impact of Ignoring Cross-loadings on the Sensitivity of Fit Measures in Measurement Invariance Testing","authors":"Chunhua Cao, Xinya Liang","doi":"10.1080/10705511.2023.2223360","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>Abstract</b></p><p>Cross-loadings are common in multiple-factor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) but often ignored in measurement invariance testing. This study examined the impact of ignoring cross-loadings on the sensitivity of fit measures (CFI, RMSEA, SRMR, SRMRu, AIC, BIC, SaBIC, LRT) to measurement noninvariance . The manipulated design factors included the magnitude and percentage of cross-loadings, the magnitude and percentage of noninvariance, location of measurement noninvariance, model size, and sample size. Results suggested that the ignored cross-loadings affected the sensitivity of all fit measures but LRT to metric noninvariance to varying degrees, whereas they did not affect the sensitivity of fit measures to scalar noninvariance except for RMSEA. RMSEA was impacted by the magnitude of cross-loadings in both metric and scalar invariance testing. In the largest model size, CFI failed to detect metric noninvariance when there were no cross-loadings in the population model but detected the metric noninvariance of .30 with ignored cross-loadings.</p>","PeriodicalId":21964,"journal":{"name":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal","volume":"87 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5000,"publicationDate":"2023-07-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal","FirstCategoryId":"102","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2023.2223360","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MATHEMATICS, INTERDISCIPLINARY APPLICATIONS","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Cross-loadings are common in multiple-factor confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) but often ignored in measurement invariance testing. This study examined the impact of ignoring cross-loadings on the sensitivity of fit measures (CFI, RMSEA, SRMR, SRMRu, AIC, BIC, SaBIC, LRT) to measurement noninvariance . The manipulated design factors included the magnitude and percentage of cross-loadings, the magnitude and percentage of noninvariance, location of measurement noninvariance, model size, and sample size. Results suggested that the ignored cross-loadings affected the sensitivity of all fit measures but LRT to metric noninvariance to varying degrees, whereas they did not affect the sensitivity of fit measures to scalar noninvariance except for RMSEA. RMSEA was impacted by the magnitude of cross-loadings in both metric and scalar invariance testing. In the largest model size, CFI failed to detect metric noninvariance when there were no cross-loadings in the population model but detected the metric noninvariance of .30 with ignored cross-loadings.
期刊介绍：
Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal publishes refereed scholarly work from all academic disciplines interested in structural equation modeling. These disciplines include, but are not limited to, psychology, medicine, sociology, education, political science, economics, management, and business/marketing. Theoretical articles address new developments; applied articles deal with innovative structural equation modeling applications; the Teacher’s Corner provides instructional modules on aspects of structural equation modeling; book and software reviews examine new modeling information and techniques; and advertising alerts readers to new products. Comments on technical or substantive issues addressed in articles or reviews published in the journal are encouraged; comments are reviewed, and authors of the original works are invited to respond.
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