Classification and naming of polymethine dyes used as staining agents for microscopy. A short guide for biomedical investigators.

IF 1.6 4区 生物学 Q4 BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY
Biotechnic & Histochemistry Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-31 DOI:10.1080/10520295.2023.2263837
Heinz Mustroph, Richard W Horobin
{"title":"Classification and naming of polymethine dyes used as staining agents for microscopy. A short guide for biomedical investigators.","authors":"Heinz Mustroph,&nbsp;Richard W Horobin","doi":"10.1080/10520295.2023.2263837","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The scientific literature contains many accounts of application of polymethine dyes, including cyanine dyes, as imaging agents, i.e., \"biological stains,\" for microscopic investigation of biological materials. Currently, many such dyes are used as probes for living cells, i.e., \"fluorescent probes.\" Polymethine dyes are defined here by two criteria. First, they possess a conjugated chain of (2n + 1) sp<sup>2</sup>-hybridized carbon atoms that connect a terminal π-electron-accepting (π-electron withdrawing) group with a terminal π-electron-donating group. Second, they have an odd number (2n + 3) of π-centers and an even number (2n + 4) of π-electrons in this chain, where n equals the number of -CR<sup>2</sup>=CR<sup>3</sup>- groups, usually vinylene groups -CH=CH-. Commercialization of diverse chemical types of many polymethine dyes has been attempted. The dyes that have achieved wide application, however, are limited in number and it is these dyes that are emphasized here. Because these polymethine dyes sometimes have been described by confusing, and sometimes confused, names, we clarify here the chemical categories and names of such dyes for the nonchemist, biomedical end user of such imaging agents. Nevertheless, the nomenclature presented here is not intended to replace the traditional \"chromophore\" categories of dyestuff chemistry, because the latter are held in place both by wide usage and by venerable authorities, such as the <i>Colour Index</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":8970,"journal":{"name":"Biotechnic & Histochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biotechnic & Histochemistry","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10520295.2023.2263837","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2023/10/31 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"BIOTECHNOLOGY & APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

The scientific literature contains many accounts of application of polymethine dyes, including cyanine dyes, as imaging agents, i.e., "biological stains," for microscopic investigation of biological materials. Currently, many such dyes are used as probes for living cells, i.e., "fluorescent probes." Polymethine dyes are defined here by two criteria. First, they possess a conjugated chain of (2n + 1) sp2-hybridized carbon atoms that connect a terminal π-electron-accepting (π-electron withdrawing) group with a terminal π-electron-donating group. Second, they have an odd number (2n + 3) of π-centers and an even number (2n + 4) of π-electrons in this chain, where n equals the number of -CR2=CR3- groups, usually vinylene groups -CH=CH-. Commercialization of diverse chemical types of many polymethine dyes has been attempted. The dyes that have achieved wide application, however, are limited in number and it is these dyes that are emphasized here. Because these polymethine dyes sometimes have been described by confusing, and sometimes confused, names, we clarify here the chemical categories and names of such dyes for the nonchemist, biomedical end user of such imaging agents. Nevertheless, the nomenclature presented here is not intended to replace the traditional "chromophore" categories of dyestuff chemistry, because the latter are held in place both by wide usage and by venerable authorities, such as the Colour Index.

显微镜染色用聚甲基染料的分类和命名。给生物医学研究者的简短指南。
科学文献中包含了许多关于包括菁染料在内的多甲基染料作为成像剂(即“生物染色剂”)在生物材料微观研究中的应用的描述。目前,许多这样的染料被用作活细胞的探针,即“荧光探针”。多核苷酸染料在这里有两个标准。首先,它们具有(2n+1)sp2杂化碳原子的共轭链,该链连接末端π-电子接受(π-吸电子)基团和末端π-给电子基团。其次,它们在这个链中有奇数(2n+3)个π中心和偶数(2n+4)个π电子,其中n等于-CR2=CR3-基团的数量,通常是亚乙烯基-CH=CH-。已经尝试了多种化学类型的多聚甲硅烷染料的商业化。然而,已经获得广泛应用的染料在数量上是有限的,这里强调的正是这些染料。由于这些聚甲基胺染料有时被描述为混淆的,有时被混淆的名称,我们在这里为非化学家、此类成像剂的生物医学最终用户澄清了此类染料的化学类别和名称。然而,这里提出的命名法并不是为了取代染料化学中传统的“发色团”类别,因为后者既被广泛使用,也被古老的权威机构(如颜色指数)所保留。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
Biotechnic & Histochemistry
Biotechnic & Histochemistry 生物-生物工程与应用微生物
CiteScore
3.40
自引率
6.20%
发文量
46
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Biotechnic & Histochemistry (formerly Stain technology) is the official publication of the Biological Stain Commission. The journal has been in continuous publication since 1926. Biotechnic & Histochemistry is an interdisciplinary journal that embraces all aspects of techniques for visualizing biological processes and entities in cells, tissues and organisms; papers that describe experimental work that employs such investigative methods are appropriate for publication as well. Papers concerning topics as diverse as applications of histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, cytochemical probes, autoradiography, light and electron microscopy, tissue culture, in vivo and in vitro studies, image analysis, cytogenetics, automation or computerization of investigative procedures and other investigative approaches are appropriate for publication regardless of their length. Letters to the Editor and review articles concerning topics of special and current interest also are welcome.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信