Magnitude and drivers of plant diversity loss differ between spatial scales in Scania, Sweden 1957–2021

IF 2 3区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Applied Vegetation Science Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI:10.1111/avsc.12730

Yasmine Karlsmo Kindlund, Torbjörn Tyler

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Abstract

Questions

Changed land use, nitrogen deposition, climate change, and the spread of non-native species have repeatedly been reported as the main drivers of recent floristic changes in northern Europe. However, the relevance of the geographical scale at which floristic changes are observed is less well understood and it has only rarely been possible to quantify biodiversity loss. Therefore, we assessed changes in species richness, species composition and mean ecological indicator values (EIVs) at three nested geographic scales during two different time periods, each ca 30 years, since the mid-1900s.

Location

Two parishes in central Scania, southernmost Sweden.

Methods

We analyzed species presence/absence data from three inventories at ca 30-year intervals over 1957–2021 and three geographic scales (157 m², ca 7 km² and ca 45 km²) to document temporal trends and differences between geographic scales in terms of species richness, species composition and mean EIVs.

Results

We found shifts in species composition across all geographical scales. However, the magnitude of biodiversity loss and the main drivers of these changes were scale-dependent. At the smallest spatial scale, we saw a dramatic loss of plant biodiversity with local species richness in 2021 being only 48% of that of 1960. In contrast, at the larger geographic scales no significant changes in species richness were observed because species losses were compensated for by gains of predominantly non-native species, which made up at least 78% of the new species richness. At the smallest spatial scale, changed land use (ceased grazing/mowing and intensified forestry) appeared as the main driver, while an increasing proportion of non-native species, as well as climatic changes and increasing nitrogen loads appeared relatively more important at larger geographic scales.

Conclusion

Our results highlight the precarious situation for biodiversity in the region and at the same time the fundamental importance of geographic scale in studies of biodiversity change. Both the magnitude and drivers of changes may differ depending on the geographic scale and must be considered also when previously published studies are interpreted.

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1957年至2021年，瑞典斯堪尼亚不同空间尺度的植物多样性损失幅度和驱动因素不同

问题改变的土地利用、氮沉积、气候变化和非本土物种的传播一再被报道为北欧最近植物区系变化的主要驱动因素。然而，人们对观察到植物区系变化的地理尺度的相关性知之甚少，而且很少能够量化生物多样性的损失。因此，我们在两个不同的时间段内，在三个嵌套的地理尺度上评估了物种丰富度、物种组成和平均生态指标值（EIV）的变化，每个时间段约30 自20世纪中期以来的几年。地点瑞典最南端斯堪尼亚中部的两个教区。方法我们分析了1957年至2021年期间大约30年间隔的三个清单和三个地理尺度（157 m2，约7 平方公里和约45 km2），以记录物种丰富度、物种组成和平均EIV方面的时间趋势和地理尺度之间的差异。结果我们发现物种组成在所有地理尺度上都发生了变化。然而，生物多样性丧失的程度和这些变化的主要驱动因素取决于规模。在最小的空间尺度上，我们看到植物生物多样性急剧丧失，2021年当地物种丰富度仅为1960年的48%。相比之下，在更大的地理尺度上，没有观察到物种丰富度的显著变化，因为主要非本土物种的增加弥补了物种的损失，这些物种至少占新物种丰富度的78%。在最小的空间尺度上，土地利用的变化（停止放牧/割草和加强林业）似乎是主要驱动因素，而在更大的地理尺度上，非本地物种比例的增加以及气候变化和氮负荷的增加似乎相对更为重要。结论我们的研究结果突出了该地区生物多样性的不稳定状况，同时也突出了地理尺度在生物多样性变化研究中的根本重要性。变化的幅度和驱动因素可能因地理范围而异，在解释之前发表的研究时也必须考虑到这一点。

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来源期刊

Applied Vegetation Science 环境科学-林学

CiteScore

6.00

自引率

10.70%

发文量

审稿时长

3 months

期刊介绍： Applied Vegetation Science focuses on community-level topics relevant to human interaction with vegetation, including global change, nature conservation, nature management, restoration of plant communities and of natural habitats, and the planning of semi-natural and urban landscapes. Vegetation survey, modelling and remote-sensing applications are welcome. Papers on vegetation science which do not fit to this scope (do not have an applied aspect and are not vegetation survey) should be directed to our associate journal, the Journal of Vegetation Science. Both journals publish papers on the ecology of a single species only if it plays a key role in structuring plant communities.