The respiratory physiology of exercise: age and sex considerations

Abstract

The respiratory system is the first step in the transport of oxygen during dynamic exercise. This review outlines the anatomical and functional changes that occur to the respiratory system with healthy aging. Furthermore, we emphasize how age-related changes to the respiratory system may differ on the basis of sex. We outline investigations, both classic and recent, that have made key contributions to our understanding the integrated structure–function relationship of the pulmonary system. We add, what we believe, are considerable gaps and next steps in the field of respiratory exercise physiology.