Hands Are Frequently Contaminated with Fecal Bacteria and Enteric Pathogens Globally: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

IF 6.7 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL
Molly E. Cantrell, Émile Sylvestre, Hannah C. Wharton, Rahel Scheidegger, Lou Curchod, David M. Gute, Jeffrey Griffiths, Timothy R. Julian* and Amy J. Pickering*, 
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Abstract

Enteric pathogen infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with the highest disease burden in low-income countries. Hands act as intermediaries in enteric pathogen transmission, transferring enteric pathogens between people and the environment through contact with fomites, food, water, and soil. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of prevalence and concentrations of fecal indicator microorganisms (i.e., E. coli, fecal coliform) and enteric pathogens on hands. We identified 84 studies, reporting 35,440 observations of hand contamination of people in community or household settings. The studies investigated 44 unique microorganisms, of which the most commonly reported indicators were E. coli and fecal coliforms. Hand contamination with 12 unique enteric pathogens was reported, with adenovirus and norovirus as the most frequent. Mean E. coli prevalence on hands was 62% [95% CI 40%–82%] and mean fecal coliform prevalence was 66% [95% CI 22%–100%]. Hands were more likely to be contaminated with E. coli in low/lower-middle-income countries (prevalence: 69% [95% CI 48%–88%]) than in upper-middle/high-income countries (6% [95% CI 2%–12%]). The Review also highlights the importance of standardizing hand sampling methods, as hand rinsing was associated with greater fecal contamination compared to other sampling methods.

Abstract Image

全球手经常被粪便细菌和肠道病原体污染:一项系统综述和荟萃分析
肠道病原体感染是全球发病率和死亡率的主要原因,低收入国家的疾病负担最高。手是肠道病原体传播的媒介,通过接触寄生虫、食物、水和土壤在人与环境之间传播肠道病原体。在这项研究中,我们对手上粪便指示微生物(即大肠杆菌、粪大肠菌群)和肠道病原体的流行率和浓度进行了系统审查。我们确定了84项研究,报告了35440项关于社区或家庭环境中人的手部污染的观察结果。这项研究调查了44种独特的微生物,其中最常见的指标是大肠杆菌和粪便大肠菌群。据报道,手部被12种独特的肠道病原体污染,其中腺病毒和诺如病毒最为常见。手上的平均大肠杆菌流行率为62%[95%CI 40%-82%],平均粪便大肠菌群流行率为66%[95%CI 22%-100%]。中低收入国家的手更容易被大肠杆菌污染(患病率:69%[95%CI 48%-88%]),而中上收入/高收入国家(6%[95%CI 2%-12%])。该审查还强调了标准化手部采样方法的重要性,因为与其他采样方法相比,手部冲洗会导致更大的粪便污染。
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来源期刊
ACS Environmental Au
ACS Environmental Au 环境科学-
CiteScore
7.10
自引率
0.00%
发文量
0
期刊介绍: ACS Environmental Au is an open access journal which publishes experimental research and theoretical results in all aspects of environmental science and technology both pure and applied. Short letters comprehensive articles reviews and perspectives are welcome in the following areas:Alternative EnergyAnthropogenic Impacts on Atmosphere Soil or WaterBiogeochemical CyclingBiomass or Wastes as ResourcesContaminants in Aquatic and Terrestrial EnvironmentsEnvironmental Data ScienceEcotoxicology and Public HealthEnergy and ClimateEnvironmental Modeling Processes and Measurement Methods and TechnologiesEnvironmental Nanotechnology and BiotechnologyGreen ChemistryGreen Manufacturing and EngineeringRisk assessment Regulatory Frameworks and Life-Cycle AssessmentsTreatment and Resource Recovery and Waste Management
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