Collectivization and National Question in Soviet Udmurtia

IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY
M. Gabbas
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The subject of this article is the collectivization of agriculture in Soviet Udmurtia at the turn of the 1930s. Situated in the Urals, Udmurtia was an autonomous region, largely agricultural, and with a developing industrial center, Izhevsk, as capital. The titular nationality of the region, the Udmurts, represented slightly more than 50% of the total inhabitants, while the rest was made up by Russians and other national minorities. Udmurts were mostly peasants and concentrated in the countryside, whereas city-dwellers and factory workers were mostly Russians. Due to these and other circumstances, collectivization in Udmurtia was carried out in a very specific way. The campaign began here in 1928, one year before than in the rest of the Union, and had possibly the highest pace in the country, with 76% of collectivized farms by 1933. The years 1928–1931 were the highest point of the campaign, when the most opposition and the most violence took place. The local Party Committee put before itself the special task to carry out a revolutionary collectivization campaign in the Udmurt countryside, which should have been a definitive solution to its “national” backwardness and to all its problems, from illiteracy to trachoma, from syphilis to the strip system (that is, each family worked on small “strips” of land far from each other). The Party Committee failed to exert much support from the peasant Udmurt masses, which stayed at best inert to collectivization propaganda, or opposed it openly. However, the back of the Udmurt peasantry was finally broken, and Udmurtia was totally collectivized by the end of the 1930s.
苏联乌德穆尔蒂亚的集体化与民族问题
本文的主题是20世纪30年代初苏联乌德穆尔蒂亚的农业集体化。乌德穆尔蒂亚位于乌拉尔,是一个自治区,主要是农业区,首都是发展中的工业中心伊热夫斯克。该地区名义上的民族乌德穆尔特人占总居民的50%多一点,其余由俄罗斯人和其他少数民族组成。乌德穆尔特人大多是农民,集中在农村,而城市居民和工厂工人大多是俄罗斯人。由于这些和其他情况,乌德穆尔蒂亚的集体化以一种非常具体的方式进行。这场运动始于1928年,比联邦其他地区早了一年,可能是全国速度最快的,到1933年,已经有76%的集体化农场。1928年至1931年是这场运动的最高点,当时发生了最多的反对和暴力事件。当地党委肩负着在乌德穆尔特农村开展革命集体化运动的特殊任务,这本应是解决其“民族”落后及其所有问题的最终解决方案,从文盲到沙眼,从梅毒到脱衣舞制度(即每个家庭都在相距甚远的小块土地上工作)。党委没有得到乌德穆尔特农民群众的大力支持,他们充其量对集体化宣传保持惰性,或者公开反对。然而,乌德穆尔特农民的脊梁最终被打破,乌德穆尔特在20世纪30年代末完全集体化。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.30
自引率
50.00%
发文量
24
期刊介绍: Russian History’s mission is the publication of original articles on the history of Russia through the centuries, in the assumption that all past experiences are inter-related. Russian History seeks to discover, analyze, and understand the most interesting experiences and relationships and elucidate their causes and consequences. Contributors to the journal take their stand from different perspectives: intellectual, economic and military history, domestic, social and class relations, relations with non-Russian peoples, nutrition and health, all possible events that had an influence on Russia. Russian History is the international platform for the presentation of such findings.
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