Visible solid-state lasers based on Pr3+ and Tb3+

IF 7.4 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC
Hiroki Tanaka , Sascha Kalusniak , Moritz Badtke , Maxim Demesh , Nikolai V. Kuleshov , Fumihiko Kannari , Christian Kränkel
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引用次数: 13

Abstract

Visible lasers are sought for in a variety of applications. They are required in fields as diverse as medicine, materials processing, display and entertainment technology and many others. Moreover, in contrast to infrared lasers, they enable very simple and efficient access to the UV spectral range by a single frequency doubling step. Currently, the choice of direct visibly emitting lasers is limited: The ‘green gap’ prohibits the development of semiconductor lasers with emission in the green and yellow spectral range and only few laser active ions allow for efficient visible lasing. In particular trivalent praseodymium (Pr3+) and terbium (Tb3+) ions have been shown to be the most successful candidates for efficient high power visible solid-state lasers. Compared to semiconductor lasers, solid-state lasers also provide other advantages, e.g., in terms of energy storage in Q-switched operation as well as beam quality at high output power.

In recent years, visibly emitting solid-state lasers have seen a revival enabled by the increasing commercial availability of GaN-based blue emitting pump diodes and an ever-increasing number of publications evidences the vivid research activities in this field. Still, due to the relatively short history of diode-pumped visible solid-state lasers, these are still in an early stage of their development and up to now only few direct visibly emitting solid-state lasers with comparably low output power are commercially available. However, we are convinced that visibly emitting solid-state lasers based on Pr3+ and Tb3+ have the potential for 100-W-class continuous wave output power levels as well as sub-ns pulse durations in Q-switched and sub-ps-pulse durations in mode-locked operation, which would qualify them to fulfil the requirements of most of the applications named above.

In this work, we review the state of the art of continuous wave and pulsed visibly emitting solid-state lasers and amplifiers based on Pr3+ and Tb3+ as the active ion. After an introduction, we briefly review the spectroscopic properties of these two ions and their particularities for laser operation as well as the requirements for suitable host materials. In the third chapter, we present the state of the art in the field of continuous wave Pr3+-lasers emitting in the cyan-blue, green, orange, red, and deep-red spectral range based on fluoride, glass, and oxide host materials and discuss prospects for further power scaling. The fourth chapter is devoted to the current state of Tb3+-based continuous wave green and yellow emitting solid-state lasers. In the fifth and sixth chapter we give an overview over existing pulsed visibly emitting solid-state lasers in Q-switched and mode-locked operation mode, respectively. Finally, the seventh chapter is devoted to pulse amplifiers for ultrafast visible lasers before this review closes with a short conclusion.

基于Pr3+和Tb3+的可见固体激光器
可见激光被用于各种各样的应用。他们需要在不同的领域,如医药,材料加工,显示和娱乐技术等。此外,与红外激光器相比,它们通过单个频率加倍步骤可以非常简单有效地访问紫外光谱范围。目前,直接可见发射激光器的选择是有限的:“绿隙”阻碍了半导体激光器在绿色和黄色光谱范围内发射的发展,只有少数激光活性离子允许有效的可见激光。特别是三价镨(Pr3+)和铽(Tb3+)离子已被证明是高效高功率可见固体激光器最成功的候选者。与半导体激光器相比,固态激光器还具有其他优点,例如,在调q操作中的能量存储以及高输出功率下的光束质量。近年来,由于氮化镓基蓝色发射泵浦二极管的商业可用性不断提高,可见发射固体激光器得到了复兴,越来越多的出版物证明了这一领域的生动研究活动。尽管如此,由于二极管泵浦可见固体激光器的历史相对较短,这些仍处于发展的早期阶段,到目前为止,只有少数具有相对低输出功率的直接可见发射固体激光器在商业上可用。然而,我们确信,基于Pr3+和Tb3+的可见发射固体激光器具有100 w级连续波输出功率水平的潜力,以及在q开关时的亚ns脉冲持续时间和锁模操作时的亚ps脉冲持续时间,这将使它们有资格满足上述大多数应用的要求。在这项工作中,我们回顾了基于Pr3+和Tb3+作为活性离子的连续波和脉冲可见发射固体激光器和放大器的最新进展。本文简要介绍了这两种离子的光谱特性及其在激光操作中的特殊性,以及对合适的基体材料的要求。在第三章中,我们介绍了基于氟化物、玻璃和氧化物主体材料的在蓝绿色、绿色、橙色、红色和深红色光谱范围内发射的连续波Pr3+激光器领域的最新进展,并讨论了进一步功率缩放的前景。第四章研究了基于Tb3+的连续波绿黄发射固体激光器的现状。在第五章和第六章中,我们分别概述了在调q和锁模工作模式下现有的脉冲可见发射固体激光器。最后,第七章专门介绍了用于超快可见激光器的脉冲放大器,然后以简短的结论结束本文的回顾。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Progress in Quantum Electronics
Progress in Quantum Electronics 工程技术-工程:电子与电气
CiteScore
18.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
23
审稿时长
150 days
期刊介绍: Progress in Quantum Electronics, established in 1969, is an esteemed international review journal dedicated to sharing cutting-edge topics in quantum electronics and its applications. The journal disseminates papers covering theoretical and experimental aspects of contemporary research, including advances in physics, technology, and engineering relevant to quantum electronics. It also encourages interdisciplinary research, welcoming papers that contribute new knowledge in areas such as bio and nano-related work.
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