Collateral Damages: Landlords and the Urban Housing Crisis

IF 3.3 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING
Elizabeth J. Mueller
{"title":"Collateral Damages: Landlords and the Urban Housing Crisis","authors":"Elizabeth J. Mueller","doi":"10.1080/01944363.2023.2190276","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"may reach an equilibrium state in some environments: A climax forest is a good example, where individual species may remain unchanged for thousands of years. However, to do so requires environmental equilibrium, which is not currently the case for cities or humans. In fact, cities have changed constantly for as long as they have existed. Woolf’s insight may shed light on what is to come, but conclusions are not self-evident. Instead, his framework raises more questions: Is there an upper limit to city size? What can the environment support? Demographers tell us that our planet’s human population may be approaching a maximum. Environmental pressures will most likely encourage larger city forms. Woolf challenges us to think harder, and longer term, about these issues. The long-term case study aspect is what sets Woolf’s book apart from conventional discussions in the planning of urban development. As an ancient historian, Woolf masterfully draws on textual and archaeological evidence to consider the widest possible scope of urbanism: cities as they grow and shrink, reorganize, and re-emerge. Whereas Part I sets out the evolutionary framework and offers examples of both successes and failures of emergent cities, Parts II through IV balance the details of individual urban histories with his interest in the larger evolutionary patterns. In Part II, Woolf describes early urban growth in the Mediterranean from the Aegean Bronze Age through the 4th century BCE. He focuses on the rise of the Greek city-state model, though he provides contemporary comparisons across the Mediterranean. Part III turns to the Roman Empire, particularly the relationship between urban form and imperial power. Cities offered structure—physical space, governmental organization, social norms—that was essential to exerting imperial control and the success of the Roman Empire. Finally, in Part IV, he looks at deurbanization and the resilience of urbanism. Woolf contrasts the greatest megacities, drawing on resources from across the Mediterranean, with the post-classical shift to smaller, regional cities as the empire fragmented. Despite—or perhaps because of—the political, economic, and social challenges, the core cities of the Mediterranean transformed into a different sort of urban in the post-classical period and continued to evolve into the places we know today. Although the specificity of data from the ancient world leaves much to be desired by modern standards— population size and total city area are frequently ballpark estimates, at best—Woolf’s study of the ancient Mediterranean offers an unmatched opportunity to explore what happens with evolutionary successes, when new and better systems emerge, and what failure might look like. The issues of urban failure and long-term resilience are perhaps his most important lessons as we look to a future of cities that must respond to environmental, political, and social challenges. Woolf cautions that we cannot map the post-industrial urban experience onto cities of the ancient world and that our urbanism is distinctly different from the past. Yet for all of the advances of modern technology, the human experience of living in cities, places denser, larger, and more diverse than their surrounding landscapes, maintains some fundamental similarities. Cities from millennia ago cannot model the future, but they do mirror the problems of today, offering insights into essential human responses. It is up to us whether we force change or remain part of a larger evolutionary pattern.","PeriodicalId":48248,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the American Planning Association","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.3000,"publicationDate":"2023-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of the American Planning Association","FirstCategoryId":"96","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2023.2190276","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1

Abstract

may reach an equilibrium state in some environments: A climax forest is a good example, where individual species may remain unchanged for thousands of years. However, to do so requires environmental equilibrium, which is not currently the case for cities or humans. In fact, cities have changed constantly for as long as they have existed. Woolf’s insight may shed light on what is to come, but conclusions are not self-evident. Instead, his framework raises more questions: Is there an upper limit to city size? What can the environment support? Demographers tell us that our planet’s human population may be approaching a maximum. Environmental pressures will most likely encourage larger city forms. Woolf challenges us to think harder, and longer term, about these issues. The long-term case study aspect is what sets Woolf’s book apart from conventional discussions in the planning of urban development. As an ancient historian, Woolf masterfully draws on textual and archaeological evidence to consider the widest possible scope of urbanism: cities as they grow and shrink, reorganize, and re-emerge. Whereas Part I sets out the evolutionary framework and offers examples of both successes and failures of emergent cities, Parts II through IV balance the details of individual urban histories with his interest in the larger evolutionary patterns. In Part II, Woolf describes early urban growth in the Mediterranean from the Aegean Bronze Age through the 4th century BCE. He focuses on the rise of the Greek city-state model, though he provides contemporary comparisons across the Mediterranean. Part III turns to the Roman Empire, particularly the relationship between urban form and imperial power. Cities offered structure—physical space, governmental organization, social norms—that was essential to exerting imperial control and the success of the Roman Empire. Finally, in Part IV, he looks at deurbanization and the resilience of urbanism. Woolf contrasts the greatest megacities, drawing on resources from across the Mediterranean, with the post-classical shift to smaller, regional cities as the empire fragmented. Despite—or perhaps because of—the political, economic, and social challenges, the core cities of the Mediterranean transformed into a different sort of urban in the post-classical period and continued to evolve into the places we know today. Although the specificity of data from the ancient world leaves much to be desired by modern standards— population size and total city area are frequently ballpark estimates, at best—Woolf’s study of the ancient Mediterranean offers an unmatched opportunity to explore what happens with evolutionary successes, when new and better systems emerge, and what failure might look like. The issues of urban failure and long-term resilience are perhaps his most important lessons as we look to a future of cities that must respond to environmental, political, and social challenges. Woolf cautions that we cannot map the post-industrial urban experience onto cities of the ancient world and that our urbanism is distinctly different from the past. Yet for all of the advances of modern technology, the human experience of living in cities, places denser, larger, and more diverse than their surrounding landscapes, maintains some fundamental similarities. Cities from millennia ago cannot model the future, but they do mirror the problems of today, offering insights into essential human responses. It is up to us whether we force change or remain part of a larger evolutionary pattern.
附带损害:房东和城市住房危机
在某些环境中可能达到平衡状态:顶极森林就是一个很好的例子,其中单个物种可能在数千年内保持不变。然而,要做到这一点需要环境平衡,而目前城市或人类都不是这样。事实上,城市在其存在的时间里一直在变化。伍尔夫的真知灼见也许能揭示未来,但结论并非不言自明。相反,他的框架提出了更多的问题:城市规模有上限吗?环境可以支持什么?人口学家告诉我们,地球上的人口数量可能正在接近最大值。环境压力很可能会鼓励更大的城市形态。伍尔夫要求我们对这些问题进行更深入、更长远的思考。长期的案例研究使伍尔夫的书有别于城市发展规划中的传统讨论。作为一名古代历史学家,伍尔夫巧妙地利用文本和考古证据来考虑城市主义的最广泛范围:城市在成长、收缩、重组和重新出现时。第一部分阐述了进化框架,并提供了新兴城市成功与失败的例子,而第二部分至第四部分则平衡了个体城市历史的细节与他对更大进化模式的兴趣。在第二部分中,伍尔夫描述了从爱琴海青铜时代到公元前4世纪地中海的早期城市发展。他关注希腊城邦模式的兴起,尽管他提供了地中海地区的当代比较。第三部分介绍罗马帝国,特别是城市形态与帝国权力的关系。城市提供了结构——物理空间、政府组织、社会规范——这对帝国的控制和罗马帝国的成功至关重要。最后,在第四部分中,他考察了去城市化和城市化的弹性。伍尔夫将利用地中海各地资源的最伟大的特大城市与帝国分裂后向较小的地区城市的后古典主义转变进行了对比。尽管——或者可能是因为——政治、经济和社会挑战,地中海的核心城市在后古典时期转变为一种不同的城市,并继续演变成我们今天所知道的地方。尽管按照现代标准,来自古代世界的数据的特异性还有很多不足之处——人口规模和城市总面积通常充其量只是粗略的估计——但伍尔夫对古代地中海的研究提供了一个无与伦比的机会,可以探索进化成功后会发生什么,何时出现新的更好的系统,以及失败可能是什么样子。在我们展望必须应对环境、政治和社会挑战的城市未来时,城市失败和长期韧性问题可能是他最重要的教训。伍尔夫警告说,我们不能将后工业时代的城市经验映射到古代世界的城市中,我们的城市主义与过去截然不同。然而,尽管现代技术取得了巨大进步,但人类在城市中的生活体验,与周围的景观相比,更密集、更大、更多样,保持了一些基本的相似性。几千年前的城市无法模拟未来,但它们确实反映了当今的问题,为人类的基本反应提供了见解。这取决于我们是强迫改变还是保持更大进化模式的一部分。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
CiteScore
11.00
自引率
10.70%
发文量
80
期刊介绍: For more than 70 years, the quarterly Journal of the American Planning Association (JAPA) has published research, commentaries, and book reviews useful to practicing planners, policymakers, scholars, students, and citizens of urban, suburban, and rural areas. JAPA publishes only peer-reviewed, original research and analysis. It aspires to bring insight to planning the future, to air a variety of perspectives, to publish the highest quality work, and to engage readers.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:481959085
Book学术官方微信