Demographic risk factors for extra-pulmonary tuberculosis: a rising public health threat in Bhutan

Q3 Medicine

Indian Journal of Tuberculosis Pub Date : 2024-04-01 DOI:10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.04.016

Tandin Zangpo , Tsheten , Phurpa Tenzin , Chencho Dorji , Gaki Nima , Sithar Dorjee , Rabeya Sultana

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Recently, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) has been increasingly reported in Bhutan, rising from 26% in 2001 to 39% in 2010. In 2016, almost half (49%) of all reported TB cases were classified as EPTB. Thus, this study was conducted to understand the epidemiology and identify risk factors contributing to increasing notification of EPTB in Bhutan.

Methods

A case-control study was conducted by recruiting all 110 cases of nationally notified EPTB (Extrapulmonary bacteriologically confirmed/EPBC) as cases and 235 Pulmonary TB (Pulmonary bacteriologically confirmed/PBC) as controls. Data were collected on socio-demography, clinical and diagnostic, behavioral and lifestyle and environmental exposures using a structured questionnaire between April and September, 2018.

Results

The median age of the cases was 25 years, ranged 9–79 years. Lymphatic TB was predominant (n = 78; 70.91%) followed by genitourinary TB (n = 4 (3.64%). The likelihood of EPTB decreased with increase in age (p = 0.023). The odds of EPTB in females was 1.65 times higher than the males (p = 0.038). Increase in Body Mass Index (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.052–1.200) and urban residency were (AOR 1.6; 95% CI 1.016–2.805) were found to have higher odds of developing EPTB.

Conclusion

Females, urban residents, and those with higher BMI are at increased risk of developing EPTB. These at-risk groups can be used to target limited public health resources to control EPTB in Bhutan.

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肺结核的人口危险因素:不丹日益严重的公共卫生威胁

背景最近，不丹报告的肺外结核病（EPTB）越来越多，从 2001 年的 26% 上升到 2010 年的 39%。2016 年，在所有报告的肺结核病例中，几乎有一半（49%）被归类为 EPTB。因此，本研究旨在了解不丹肺结核的流行病学情况，并确定导致肺结核通报率上升的风险因素。方法通过招募全国通报的所有 110 例肺结核（肺外细菌学确诊/EPBC）病例作为病例，235 例肺结核（肺部细菌学确诊/PBC）病例作为对照，开展病例对照研究。在 2018 年 4 月至 9 月期间，通过结构化问卷收集了有关社会人口学、临床和诊断、行为和生活方式以及环境暴露的数据。结果病例的中位年龄为 25 岁，年龄范围为 9-79 岁。淋巴结核占多数（n = 78；70.91%），其次是泌尿生殖系统结核（n = 4（3.64%）。患 EPTB 的几率随着年龄的增长而降低（p = 0.023）。女性患 EPTB 的几率是男性的 1.65 倍（p = 0.038）。女性、城市居民和体重指数较高者患 EPTB 的风险增加。不丹可以利用这些高危人群，将有限的公共卫生资源用于控制 EPTB。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Indian Journal of Tuberculosis Medicine-Infectious Diseases

CiteScore

2.80

自引率

0.00%

发文量

103

期刊介绍： Indian Journal of Tuberculosis (IJTB) is an international peer-reviewed journal devoted to the specialty of tuberculosis and lung diseases and is published quarterly. IJTB publishes research on clinical, epidemiological, public health and social aspects of tuberculosis. The journal accepts original research articles, viewpoints, review articles, success stories, interesting case series and case reports on patients suffering from pulmonary, extra-pulmonary tuberculosis as well as other respiratory diseases, Radiology Forum, Short Communications, Book Reviews, abstracts, letters to the editor, editorials on topics of current interest etc. The articles published in IJTB are a key source of information on research in tuberculosis. The journal is indexed in Medline