Descriptive text to the Geological map of Denmark, 1:50 000, Møn 1511 I, 1511 IV and 1512 II

IF 2 4区 地球科学 Q1 GEOLOGY
S. Pedersen, P. Gravesen
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The composite ridge landscape of Høje Møn constitutes a glaciotectonic complex comprising four individual glaciodynamic sequences, with the hill Aborrebjerg as the highest point (143 m a.s.l.). The parallel ridge hills consist of thrust-fault-displaced chalk sheets with superimposed glacial deposits. The thrust sheets are up to 80 m thick, of which 60 m constitute Maastrichtian chalk. The vertical displacement of the thrust sheets is about 150 m measured from the primary, undeformed pre-Quaternary surface located 25–30 m below sea level. The pre-Quaternary surface consists of chalk of Late Maastrichtian age, which forms a carbonate platform in the subsurface of Møn about 27 m below sea level. Chalk displaced by glacial tectonics is not restricted to Høje Møn but also appears in smaller thrust sheets and rafts in the small-ridged landscape around Stege Nor. In the chalk sheets along Møns Klint, most of the Late Maastrichtian succession is exposed. Cliff sections with chalk are also exposed at Hvideklint along the south coast of the island. However, here the glaciotectonic shear deformation has commonly altered the lithology into a chalk glacitectonite.\nThe oldest Quaternary units deposited on the pre-Quaternary unconformity are Saalian till as well as sand and clay from the Eemian Interglacial. These units are overlain by Early Weichselian sand. The next Quaternary succession, the Ristinge Klint Till Formation, was deposited during the Ristinge ice advance in the early Middle Weichselian about 55 000–50 000 years ago. Then followed the Kraneled Formation (new formation) consisting of fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The following Klintholm Till Formation (adjusted formation) was deposited during the Klintholm ice advance 35 000–32 000 years ago. The Klintholm Till Formation is overlain by a more than 10 m thick unit of greyish glaciolacustrine clay with dropstones. Glaciofluvial sand with thin-layered intercalations of laminated mud and diamictites of the Kobbelgård Formation (new formation) are related to this unit and interpreted as deposited in a huge, partly ice dammed lake covering a large part of the present Baltic Sea and the southern part of Kattegat 32 000 to 28 000 years ago. The Kobbelgård Formation is overlain by sand and gravel of the Stubberup Have Formation (new formation) and tills of the Mid Danish Till Formation deposited by the NE Ice Advance from central Sweden about 23 000–20 000 years ago.\nRelatively shortly after the NE ice had melted away, the Young Baltic Ice advanced from the eastern part of the Baltic area. North-directed compressive deformation during this advance created the glaciotectonic complex of Møns Klint including the new unit Møns Klint Glaciodynamic Sequence. In the southern part of the complex, a steeply inclined imbricated fan was formed; towards the foreland to the north, the thrust faults became gently dipping and the tip-zone of thrusting is located under the landslides at Liselund. The composite ridges form a characteristic hilly landscape with elongate crests trending E–W.\nThe curved coastline along Hjelm Bugt was formed by a glacial lobe, north of which a push moraine was built up. A number of spillways striking radially northward from the lobe were formed by meltwater discharged from its glacier ports, including the Borre, Maglemose and Røddinge depressions. Deposition of sand and gravel of the Ny Borre Formation (new formation) took place at this time. During the advance of the Young Baltic Ice over southern Denmark to the Eastern Jutland stationary line, a relatively thin lodgement till of the Lolland Till Formation was deposited, which is rich in chalk due to its truncation of the upthrusted chalk sheets.\nTowards the end of the Weichselian glaciation c. 17 000 years ago, the Young Baltic Ice melted back, leaving a residual ice cap in Skåne from where a recessive ice advance towards south-west reached Møns Klint, resulting in superimposed glaciotectonic deformation. During the Late Weichselian, freshwater lakes in the Hjelm, Tøvelde and Høje Møn areas were filled by clay and gyttja, with deposition that continued into the Holocene.\nDuring the Holocene, the former spillways were turned into fjords during the Atlantic transgression. Marine deposits mirroring the Littorina Sea are thus found in Maglemose and Borre Sømose. After the Atlantic transgression had established a sea level more or less corresponding to that of today, accretion of marine forelands and formation of a spit system started. In particular, this is the case for the areas of Ulvshale and Nyord. At the same time, vegetation migrated out into the numerous fjords, and peat began to accumulate. The last phase of sedimentation is confined to the formation of beach ridges in the coastal areas, typically covered by aeolian dunes, as can be seen on the coast at Klintholm Havn and Råbylille as well as along the north-eastern coast of Ulvshale.","PeriodicalId":48475,"journal":{"name":"Geus Bulletin","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0000,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Geus Bulletin","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v51.8336","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"GEOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

The geological map sheet Møn covers the island of Møn, the smaller adjacent islands Langø, Lindholm and Nyord as well as adjacent parts of Sjælland and Lolland. It comprises the geodetic map sheets 1511 I and 1511 II and areas on bordering sheets. Møn is surrounded by the Baltic Sea with the bay of Hjelm Bugt to the south, the straits of Grønsund and Ulvsund to the west, and the bays of Stege Bugt and Fakse Bugt to the north. Møn is divided into three glaciomorphological areas, namely a high, hilly landscape of Høje Møn to the east, a hummocky to parallel ridge landscape to the west and areas of marine deposits around Nyord and Ulvshale. The composite ridge landscape of Høje Møn constitutes a glaciotectonic complex comprising four individual glaciodynamic sequences, with the hill Aborrebjerg as the highest point (143 m a.s.l.). The parallel ridge hills consist of thrust-fault-displaced chalk sheets with superimposed glacial deposits. The thrust sheets are up to 80 m thick, of which 60 m constitute Maastrichtian chalk. The vertical displacement of the thrust sheets is about 150 m measured from the primary, undeformed pre-Quaternary surface located 25–30 m below sea level. The pre-Quaternary surface consists of chalk of Late Maastrichtian age, which forms a carbonate platform in the subsurface of Møn about 27 m below sea level. Chalk displaced by glacial tectonics is not restricted to Høje Møn but also appears in smaller thrust sheets and rafts in the small-ridged landscape around Stege Nor. In the chalk sheets along Møns Klint, most of the Late Maastrichtian succession is exposed. Cliff sections with chalk are also exposed at Hvideklint along the south coast of the island. However, here the glaciotectonic shear deformation has commonly altered the lithology into a chalk glacitectonite. The oldest Quaternary units deposited on the pre-Quaternary unconformity are Saalian till as well as sand and clay from the Eemian Interglacial. These units are overlain by Early Weichselian sand. The next Quaternary succession, the Ristinge Klint Till Formation, was deposited during the Ristinge ice advance in the early Middle Weichselian about 55 000–50 000 years ago. Then followed the Kraneled Formation (new formation) consisting of fluvial and lacustrine deposits. The following Klintholm Till Formation (adjusted formation) was deposited during the Klintholm ice advance 35 000–32 000 years ago. The Klintholm Till Formation is overlain by a more than 10 m thick unit of greyish glaciolacustrine clay with dropstones. Glaciofluvial sand with thin-layered intercalations of laminated mud and diamictites of the Kobbelgård Formation (new formation) are related to this unit and interpreted as deposited in a huge, partly ice dammed lake covering a large part of the present Baltic Sea and the southern part of Kattegat 32 000 to 28 000 years ago. The Kobbelgård Formation is overlain by sand and gravel of the Stubberup Have Formation (new formation) and tills of the Mid Danish Till Formation deposited by the NE Ice Advance from central Sweden about 23 000–20 000 years ago. Relatively shortly after the NE ice had melted away, the Young Baltic Ice advanced from the eastern part of the Baltic area. North-directed compressive deformation during this advance created the glaciotectonic complex of Møns Klint including the new unit Møns Klint Glaciodynamic Sequence. In the southern part of the complex, a steeply inclined imbricated fan was formed; towards the foreland to the north, the thrust faults became gently dipping and the tip-zone of thrusting is located under the landslides at Liselund. The composite ridges form a characteristic hilly landscape with elongate crests trending E–W. The curved coastline along Hjelm Bugt was formed by a glacial lobe, north of which a push moraine was built up. A number of spillways striking radially northward from the lobe were formed by meltwater discharged from its glacier ports, including the Borre, Maglemose and Røddinge depressions. Deposition of sand and gravel of the Ny Borre Formation (new formation) took place at this time. During the advance of the Young Baltic Ice over southern Denmark to the Eastern Jutland stationary line, a relatively thin lodgement till of the Lolland Till Formation was deposited, which is rich in chalk due to its truncation of the upthrusted chalk sheets. Towards the end of the Weichselian glaciation c. 17 000 years ago, the Young Baltic Ice melted back, leaving a residual ice cap in Skåne from where a recessive ice advance towards south-west reached Møns Klint, resulting in superimposed glaciotectonic deformation. During the Late Weichselian, freshwater lakes in the Hjelm, Tøvelde and Høje Møn areas were filled by clay and gyttja, with deposition that continued into the Holocene. During the Holocene, the former spillways were turned into fjords during the Atlantic transgression. Marine deposits mirroring the Littorina Sea are thus found in Maglemose and Borre Sømose. After the Atlantic transgression had established a sea level more or less corresponding to that of today, accretion of marine forelands and formation of a spit system started. In particular, this is the case for the areas of Ulvshale and Nyord. At the same time, vegetation migrated out into the numerous fjords, and peat began to accumulate. The last phase of sedimentation is confined to the formation of beach ridges in the coastal areas, typically covered by aeolian dunes, as can be seen on the coast at Klintholm Havn and Råbylille as well as along the north-eastern coast of Ulvshale.
丹麦地质图的描述性文本,1:50000,Møn 1511 I、1511 IV和1512 II
Møn的地质地图涵盖了Møn岛、较小的邻近岛屿Langø、Lindholm和Nyord,以及Sjælland和Lolland的邻近地区。它包括大地测量地图页1511 I和1511 II以及边界页上的区域。莫恩被波罗的海包围,南面是Hjelm Bugt湾,西面是Grønsund海峡和Ulvsund海峡,北面是Stege Bugt湾和Fakse Bugt湾。莫恩分为三个冰川地貌区,即东部的Høje Møn高地丘陵景观、西部的丘状至平行山脊景观以及Nyord和Ulvshale周围的海洋沉积区。Høje Møn的复合山脊景观构成了一个冰川构造复合体,由四个单独的冰川动力学序列组成,其中Aborrebjerg山为最高点(海拔143米)。平行的山脊由逆冲断层移位的白垩岩片和叠加的冰川沉积物组成。逆冲断层厚度高达80米,其中60米为马斯特里赫特阶白垩岩。逆冲断层的垂直位移约为150 m,从位于海平面以下25-30 m的原始、未变形的前第四纪表面开始测量。前第四纪地表由晚马斯特里赫特时代的白垩组成,在海平面以下约27米的莫恩地下形成碳酸盐岩平台。冰川构造导致的白垩岩位移不仅限于Høje Møn,也出现在Stege Nor周围小山脊景观中较小的冲断层和木筏中。在Møns Klint沿线的白垩岩片中,大部分马斯特里赫特阶晚期的层序都暴露出来。该岛南海岸的Hvideklint也暴露出带有白垩的悬崖部分。然而,在这里,冰川构造剪切变形通常会将岩性改变为白垩系冰川构造。沉积在前第四纪不整合面上的最古老的第四纪单元是Saalian till以及Eemian冰间带的沙子和粘土。这些单元被早期魏克塞利亚砂覆盖。下一个第四纪序列,即里斯廷格-克林特-蒂尔组,是在大约55000-50000年前的中韦克塞利亚早期里斯廷格冰推进期间沉积的。然后是由河流和湖泊沉积物组成的Kraneled组(新组)。以下克林托姆-蒂尔组(调整后的组)是在35000–32000年前的克林托姆冰推进过程中沉积的。克林托姆-蒂尔组覆盖着一层超过10米厚的灰色冰川古粘土,上面有水滴石。Kobbelgård组(新组)的含薄层泥夹层和杂岩的冰川冲积砂与该单元有关,并被解释为32000-28000年前沉积在一个巨大的、部分结冰的堰塞湖中,该湖覆盖了现在波罗的海的大部分地区和卡特加特南部。Kobbelgård组被Stubberup Have组(新组)的砂砾和丹麦中部Till组的tills覆盖,这些砂砾是大约23000-2000年前由瑞典中部的NE冰推进沉积的。东北冰融化后不久,年轻的波罗的海冰从波罗的海地区东部推进。在这一推进过程中,北向压缩变形形成了Møns-Klint的冰川构造复合体,包括新的Møn-Klint冰川动力学序列单元。在杂岩的南部,形成了一个陡峭倾斜的叠瓦扇;逆冲断层向北向前陆倾斜,逆冲尖端位于利塞隆德滑坡下方。复合山脊形成了一个具有特征的丘陵景观,其顶部呈东西走向。Hjelm Bugt沿线的弯曲海岸线是由冰川瓣形成的,冰川瓣以北形成了推冰碛。从波瓣径向向北延伸的许多溢洪道是由其冰川端口排出的融水形成的,包括Borre、Maglemose和Røddinge凹陷。Ny Borre组(新组)的砂和砾石沉积发生在这个时候。在年轻的波罗的海冰从丹麦南部向日德兰半岛东部静止线推进的过程中,沉积了Lolland till组的一个相对较薄的沉积层,由于截断了向上推进的白垩层,该沉积层富含白垩。大约17000年前,在魏克塞利冰川作用即将结束时,年轻的波罗的海冰融化了,在Skåne留下了一个残留的冰盖,从那里向西南方向的隐性冰前进到达了Møns Klint,导致了叠加的冰川构造变形。在魏克塞利晚期,Hjelm、Tøvelde和Høje Møn地区的淡水湖被粘土和gyttja填充,沉积一直持续到全新世。在全新世期间,大西洋海侵期间,以前的溢洪道变成了峡湾。因此,在Maglemose和Borre Sømose发现了反映Littorina海的海洋沉积物。 在大西洋海侵建立了与今天大致相当的海平面后,海洋前陆的吸积和唾液系统的形成开始了。Ulvshale和Nyord地区尤其如此。与此同时,植被迁移到众多的峡湾中,泥炭开始堆积。沉积的最后阶段仅限于沿海地区海滩山脊的形成,通常被风成沙丘覆盖,如在Klintholm Havn和Råbylille海岸以及Ulvshale东北海岸所见。
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来源期刊
Geus Bulletin
Geus Bulletin GEOLOGY-
CiteScore
2.80
自引率
17.60%
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