Time, Age, Gender, and Test Practice Effects on Children’s Olfactory Performance: a Two-Year Longitudinal Study

IF 1 4区医学 Q4 Neuroscience

Chemosensory Perception Pub Date : 2019-02-23 DOI:10.1007/s12078-019-09260-0

Lenka Martinec Nováková, Jan Havlíček

{"title":"Time, Age, Gender, and Test Practice Effects on Children’s Olfactory Performance: a Two-Year Longitudinal Study","authors":"Lenka Martinec Nováková, Jan Havlíček","doi":"10.1007/s12078-019-09260-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Changes in olfactory perception observed in cross-sectional studies may not reflect actual ongoing change within individuals. The aim of the present study was to assess intra-individual as well as inter-individual variation in olfactory scores in pre-schoolers across five waves over a 2-year period.The participants were 157 children (79 boys) aged 5.8?±?0.6?years at initial testing. We repeatedly examined the effects of time, age, gender, test practice, operationalised as the number of sessions attended and the intervals between them, and influence of school entry on identification, discrimination, and threshold Sniffin’ Sticks scores. Data imputation was performed due to missing data.In non-imputed data, odour identification and discrimination were higher in girls. More odours were also correctly identified by children who had attended fewer sessions in shorter intervals. In imputed data, in addition to these effects, odour identification and discrimination increased further into the study and were higher in children who were older at initial testing and those who had started attending school. Schoolchildren also had lower thresholds than pre-schoolers. However, both the significant and non-significant effects were generally small.We observed mainly small effects of gender and test practice on odour identification and discrimination, whereas intra-individual variation appeared only after data imputation.It is likely that olfactory development over time needs to be observed for longer than 2?years.","PeriodicalId":516,"journal":{"name":"Chemosensory Perception","volume":"13 1","pages":"19 - 36"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0000,"publicationDate":"2019-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1007/s12078-019-09260-0","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Chemosensory Perception","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12078-019-09260-0","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"Neuroscience","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Abstract

Changes in olfactory perception observed in cross-sectional studies may not reflect actual ongoing change within individuals. The aim of the present study was to assess intra-individual as well as inter-individual variation in olfactory scores in pre-schoolers across five waves over a 2-year period.

The participants were 157 children (79 boys) aged 5.8?±?0.6?years at initial testing. We repeatedly examined the effects of time, age, gender, test practice, operationalised as the number of sessions attended and the intervals between them, and influence of school entry on identification, discrimination, and threshold Sniffin’ Sticks scores. Data imputation was performed due to missing data.

In non-imputed data, odour identification and discrimination were higher in girls. More odours were also correctly identified by children who had attended fewer sessions in shorter intervals. In imputed data, in addition to these effects, odour identification and discrimination increased further into the study and were higher in children who were older at initial testing and those who had started attending school. Schoolchildren also had lower thresholds than pre-schoolers. However, both the significant and non-significant effects were generally small.

We observed mainly small effects of gender and test practice on odour identification and discrimination, whereas intra-individual variation appeared only after data imputation.

It is likely that olfactory development over time needs to be observed for longer than 2?years.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

时间、年龄、性别和测试练习对儿童嗅觉表现的影响:一项为期两年的纵向研究

在横断面研究中观察到的嗅觉感知的变化可能不能反映个体内部正在发生的实际变化。本研究的目的是在2年的时间里评估学龄前儿童嗅觉得分的个体内部和个体之间的差异。研究对象为157名儿童(79名男孩)，年龄为5.8±0.6?最初测试的时间是几年。我们反复检查了时间、年龄、性别、测试实践的影响(根据参加的课程数量和间隔时间进行操作)，以及入学对识别、歧视和阈值嗅探棒分数的影响。由于数据缺失，进行数据补全。在非输入数据中，女孩的气味识别和辨别能力更高。在较短的间隔内参加较少会议的儿童也能正确识别出更多的气味。在输入的数据中，除了这些影响之外，气味识别和辨别能力在研究中进一步增强，并且在初始测试时年龄较大的儿童和开始上学的儿童中更高。学龄儿童的阈值也低于学龄前儿童。然而，显著和不显著的影响通常都很小。我们主要观察到性别和测试实践对气味识别和歧视的影响很小，而个体内部差异仅在数据输入后出现。随着时间的推移，嗅觉发育可能需要观察超过2年半的时间。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Chemosensory Perception 农林科学-神经科学

CiteScore

2.50

自引率

0.00%

发文量

审稿时长

>36 weeks

期刊介绍： Coverage in Chemosensory Perception includes animal work with implications for human phenomena and explores the following areas: Identification of chemicals producing sensory response; Identification of sensory response associated with chemicals; Human in vivo response to chemical stimuli; Human in vitro response to chemical stimuli; Neuroimaging of chemosensory function; Neurological processing of chemoreception; Chemoreception mechanisms; Psychophysics of chemoperception; Trigeminal function; Multisensory perception; Contextual effect on chemoperception; Behavioral response to chemical stimuli; Physiological factors affecting and contributing to chemoperception; Flavor and hedonics; Memory and chemoperception.