Comprehensive analysis and relevant developments of cadmium removal technologies in fertilizers industry

IF 5 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Minerals Engineering Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI:10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108189

Kamal Samrane , Mohammad Latifi , Mohammad Khajouei , Ahmed Bouhaouss

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The fertilizers industry is mainly developing its activities by processing phosphate, phosphoric acid and ammonia. The cadmium (Cd) is one of the most challenging materials, which is existed naturally in the heterogeneous mixture of phosphate ore as the main source of phosphate (feed of fertilizer production). The legal limits for cadmium in fertilizers is 60 mg/kg in different regions, guidelines and standards such as European Union (EU), China, Canada, and International Fertilizer Association (IFA). Therefore, the cadmium removal from wet phosphoric acid that is produced from the Wet Process Acid (WPA) is today a massive challenge to the fertilizers industry to face environmental, economic, financial, political and other legal constraints. These constraints have committed to develop significant research and innovation interests on cadmium removal technologies from the phosphate ore as feedstock and the produced phosphoric acid. The research reported in the present article aims to give a comprehensive overview and relevant developments of cadmium removal technologies in phosphoric acid industry, with a specific focus on technical feasibility, complexity, cost evaluation and sustainability of the main technologies that could present a potential application at the industrial scale.

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化肥行业除镉技术的综合分析及相关进展

化肥行业主要通过加工磷酸盐、磷酸和氨来发展其活动。镉（Cd）是最具挑战性的物质之一，它自然存在于磷酸盐矿石的非均质混合物中，是磷酸盐（肥料生产的饲料）的主要来源。不同地区、指导方针和标准（如欧盟、中国、加拿大和国际肥料协会）对化肥中镉的法定限量为60 mg/kg。因此，从湿法磷酸（WPA）生产的湿法磷酸中去除镉是当今化肥行业面临的巨大挑战，面临着环境、经济、金融、政治和其他法律约束。这些限制因素促使人们对从作为原料的磷矿石和生产的磷酸中去除镉的技术产生了重大的研究和创新兴趣。本文报告的研究旨在全面概述磷酸工业中除镉技术的相关发展，特别关注可能在工业规模上产生潜在应用的主要技术的技术可行性、复杂性、成本评估和可持续性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Minerals Engineering 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

8.70

自引率

18.80%

发文量

519

审稿时长

81 days

期刊介绍： The purpose of the journal is to provide for the rapid publication of topical papers featuring the latest developments in the allied fields of mineral processing and extractive metallurgy. Its wide ranging coverage of research and practical (operating) topics includes physical separation methods, such as comminution, flotation concentration and dewatering, chemical methods such as bio-, hydro-, and electro-metallurgy, analytical techniques, process control, simulation and instrumentation, and mineralogical aspects of processing. Environmental issues, particularly those pertaining to sustainable development, will also be strongly covered.