Cover crop composition in long-term no-till soils in semi-arid environments do not influence soil health measurements after one year

Hunter Bielenberg, Jason D. Clark, Debankur Sanyal, John Wolthuizen, David Karki, Amin Rahal, Anthony Bly
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Abstract

Evaluating the influence of grass or broadleaf cover crops on soil health measurements is common in the northern US Midwest. However, the comparison among different cover crop mixtures, including blends of both grass and broadleaf species is limited. In 2018–2020, cover crop experiments were conducted in South Dakota at 11 site-years. Cover crops were planted in the summer after small grains harvest as mixtures of dominantly grasses or broadleaves, a 50/50 grass/broadleaf mixture, and a no cover crop control. Soil and above-ground plant residue samples were collected in the fall before winter termination and in the spring before corn planting. Soil samples were analyzed for permanganate oxidizable carbon, potentially mineralizable nitrogen, and soil respiration. Fall and spring above-ground plant biomass in the cover crop plots were similar to the no cover crop control plots in seven of 11 site-years. Thus, growing cover crop mixes may accelerate decomposition of above-ground plant residue, possibly due to higher microbial diversity and activity under cover crops. However, including cover crops regardless of the mixture did not improve selected biological soil health indicators. Weather and soil properties (precipitation, soil organic matter, and pH) were related to differences in soil health measurements among site-years. Overall, in the first year of planting a multi-species mixture of grasses and/or broadleaves after small grain harvest, growers should not expect to find differences in soil health measurements. Long-term trials are needed to determine whether these different cover crop mixtures change soil health over time.

Abstract Image

半干旱环境中长期免耕土壤中的覆盖作物组成在一年后不会影响土壤健康测量
评估草或阔叶覆盖作物对土壤健康测量的影响在美国中西部很常见。然而,不同覆盖作物混合物之间的比较,包括草和阔叶物种的混合物,是有限的。2018-2020年,在南达科他州进行了11次覆盖作物试验。覆盖作物是在小谷物收获后的秋季种植的,主要是草或阔叶树的混合物、50/50的草/阔叶树混合物和无覆盖作物对照。土壤和植物表面残留物样本在冬季死亡前的秋季和覆盖作物终止和玉米种植前的春季采集。对土壤样品进行了高锰酸盐可氧化碳(POXC)、潜在矿化氮(PMN)和土壤呼吸分析。与无覆盖作物对照相比,在11个站点年份中的7个站点年份,无论成分如何的覆盖作物都不会影响秋季或春季覆盖作物/以前的作物残留物生物量,这表明种植覆盖作物可能会加速以前作物残留物的分解。与无覆盖作物对照相比,覆盖作物并没有改善土壤健康测量,或者覆盖作物混合物之间存在差异。天气和土壤特性(降水、土壤有机质和pH)与不同年份土壤健康测量的差异有关。在小规模粮食收获后种植多种草和/或阔叶树的第一年,种植者不应期望发现土壤健康测量结果的差异。需要进行长期试验,以确定随着时间的推移,这些不同的覆盖作物混合物是否会导致土壤健康的变化。
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