Singular Points of the Tremor of the Earth’s Surface

IF 2.5 4区综合性期刊 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Applied Sciences-Basel Pub Date : 2023-09-06 DOI:10.3390/app131810060

Alexey Lyubushin

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Abstract

A method for studying properties of the Earth’s surface tremor, measured by means of GPS, is proposed. The following tremor characteristics are considered: the entropy of wavelet coefficients, the Donoho–Johnston wavelet index, and two estimates of the spectral slope. The anomalous areas of tremor are determined by estimating the probability densities of extreme values of the studied properties. The criteria for abnormal tremor behavior are based on the proximity to, or the difference between, tremor properties and white noise. The greatest deviation from the properties of white noise is characterized by entropy minima and spectral slope and DJ index maxima. This behavior of the tremor is called “active”. The “passive” tremor behavior is characterized by the maximum proximity to the properties of white noise. The principal components approach provides weighted averaged density maps of these two variants of extreme distributions of parameters in a moving time window of 3 years. Singular points are the points of maximum average densities. The method is applied to the analysis of daily time series from a GPS network in California during the period 2009–2022. Singular points of tremor form well-defined clusters were found. The passive tremor could be caused by the activation of movement in fragments of the San Andreas fault.

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地球表面震颤的奇异点

提出了一种利用全球定位系统测量地球表面震颤特性的方法。考虑了以下震颤特征：小波系数的熵、Donoho–Johnston小波指数和谱斜率的两个估计。通过估计所研究性质的极值的概率密度来确定震颤的异常区域。异常震颤行为的标准是基于震颤特性和白噪声的接近程度或之间的差异。与白噪声特性的最大偏差以熵最小值、谱斜率和DJ指数最大值为特征。这种震颤的行为被称为“活动”。“被动”震颤行为的特征是最大程度地接近白噪声的特性。主成分方法提供了在3年的移动时间窗口中参数的极端分布的这两种变体的加权平均密度图。奇异点是具有最大平均密度的点。该方法应用于加利福尼亚州2009-2012年期间GPS网络的每日时间序列分析。发现震颤的奇异点形成明确的团簇。被动震颤可能是由圣安德烈斯断层碎片的运动激活引起的。

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来源期刊

Applied Sciences-Basel CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARYMATERIALS SCIE-MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

CiteScore

5.30

自引率

11.10%

发文量

10882

期刊介绍： Applied Sciences (ISSN 2076-3417) provides an advanced forum on all aspects of applied natural sciences. It publishes reviews, research papers and communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Electronic files and software regarding the full details of the calculation or experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary electronic material.