Longitudinal Changes of Serum Creatine Kinase and Acute Kidney Injury among Patients with Severe COVID-19

Abstract

Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication of COVID-19. Several etiologies have been identified, including pigment deposition likely associated with myopathic damage. Nevertheless, the relationship between longitudinal creatine-kinase trends and renal outcomes is uncertain. Aim To correlate longitudinal changes in serum creatine-kinase levels with hospital-acquired AKI (beyond 48 h of hospital admission) in severe COVID-19 patients. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study, and creatine-kinase levels were assessed over time in 1551 hospitalized patients with normal renal function at the time of hospital admission. Results In subjects who developed hospital-acquired AKI (n = 126, 8.1%), the serum creatine-kinase concentration before AKI onset was not different when compared to patients without AKI (slope of log creatine-kinase/day = −0.09 [95% CI −0.17 to +0.19] vs. +0.03 [95% CI −0.1 to +0.1]). After AKI diagnosis, serum creatine-kinase levels showed a significantly ascendent slope (slope of log creatine-kinase/day after AKI diagnosis = +0.14; 95% CI + 0.05 to +0.3). The AKI evolution was the main factor associated with the creatine-kinase trend. Subjects with persistent AKI (n = 40, 32%) had rising creatine-kinase levels during hospitalization (slope of log creatine-kinase/day = +0.30 95% CI + 0.19 to +0.51). A rising creatine-kinase trend (n = 114, 8%) was associated with a 1.89-fold higher risk of in-hospital death (95% CI 1.14 to 3.16). Nevertheless, this association disappeared after adjusting AKI evolution and LDH baseline levels. Conclusion In severe COVID-19 patients, a slight increase in creatine-kinase levels was observed after AKI occurrence but not before. Our results show that, at least for the appearance of hospital-acquired AKI, the CK rise does not meet the temporality criterion of causality regarding the occurrence of AKI. Rising creatine-kinase trends were associated with a higher risk of mortality, but this association was modified by AKI evolution and inflammation. There is a limited efficiency for AKI prognosis in the serial follow-up of CK levels in severe COVID-19 patients with normal renal function.