Patch size and vegetation structure drive changes to mixed-species flock diversity and composition across a gradient of fragment sizes in the Western Andes of Colombia

IF 4.6 Q2 MATERIALS SCIENCE, BIOMATERIALS
H. H. Jones, S. Robinson
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引用次数: 16

Abstract

ABSTRACT Forest fragmentation is a leading driver of biodiversity loss, yet its effects on positive species interactions remain poorly known. We examined the effects of fragmentation on mixed-species bird flocks in the Western Andes of Colombia. Using 500-m transect surveys (n = 14 transects), we sampled flocks in 8 fragments (range: 10–173 ha) and an unfragmented reference site within the same altitudinal band (1,900–2,200 m.a.s.l.) and matrix type (cattle pasture). We evaluated the relative contributions of 9 predictor variables, including patch size, distance from edge, and selective aspects of vegetation structure on the composition, size, species richness, functional diversity, and phylogenetic diversity of flocks. We found effects of both patch size and vegetation structure on flock species richness, size, and functional diversity, but no support for edge effects. Generally, flock richness and size responded differently to fragmentation than did functional and phylogenetic diversity metrics. Both flock size and richness increased with patch size, but this variable had no effect on functional and phylogenetic diversity. Flock richness and size increased in high-canopy forests with greater foliage height diversity, whereas unlogged, old-growth primary forests with large-diameter trees had lower flock richness and size, but significantly greater functional diversity. Phylogenetic diversity was not affected by patch size, edge effects, or vegetation structure. We found differences in flock composition in response to fragmentation. Richness of Furnariidae in flocks increased with increasing distance from edge and foliage height diversity, whereas that of Thraupidae and boreal migrant species increased in early successional and forest edge flocks, respectively. All flock diversity metrics differed significantly seasonally, with smaller, less diverse flocks observed in January–March than in June–August. Flocking behavior persisted in 10-ha fragments, likely because Andean flocks are ″open membership” in nature, but there was extensive species turnover as forest edge and generalist species replaced forest-interior species in smaller fragments.
在哥伦比亚西安第斯山脉,斑块大小和植被结构驱动混合物种种群多样性和组成的变化
森林破碎化是生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素,但其对物种间积极相互作用的影响尚不清楚。我们研究了破碎化对哥伦比亚安第斯山脉西部混合物种鸟群的影响。利用500 m样带调查(n = 14个样带),我们在同一海拔带(1,900-2,200 m.a.s.l)和基质类型(牛牧场)内取样了8个片段(范围:10-173 ha)和一个未破碎的参考点。我们评估了9个预测变量,包括斑块大小、到边缘的距离和植被结构的选择性方面对鸟群组成、大小、物种丰富度、功能多样性和系统发育多样性的相对贡献。研究发现,斑块大小和植被结构对群落物种丰富度、大小和功能多样性均有影响,但不支持边缘效应。一般来说,群落丰富度和大小对碎片化的响应不同于功能和系统发育多样性指标。群落大小和丰富度随斑块大小的增加而增加,但该变量对功能多样性和系统发育多样性没有影响。高冠层森林的群丰富度和大小随着叶高多样性的增加而增加,而未采伐的大径乔木原生林的群丰富度和大小较低,但功能多样性显著高于高冠层森林。系统发育多样性不受斑块大小、边缘效应或植被结构的影响。我们发现不同的群体组成对碎片化的反应不同。在演替早期和森林边缘,毛毛蛾科和北方候鸟种的丰富度分别增加,毛毛蛾科的丰富度随距离边缘和叶高多样性增加而增加。所有的鸟群多样性指标都存在显著的季节差异,1 - 3月观测到的鸟群比6 - 8月观测到的鸟群更小,多样性更低。在10公顷的片段中,群体行为持续存在,可能是因为安第斯鸟群在自然界中是“″开放成员”,但在较小的片段中,随着森林边缘和多面手物种取代森林内部物种,存在广泛的物种更替。
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来源期刊
ACS Applied Bio Materials
ACS Applied Bio Materials Chemistry-Chemistry (all)
CiteScore
9.40
自引率
2.10%
发文量
464
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