Structural and kinematic analysis of the Cuonadong dome, southern Tibet, China: Implications for middle-crust deformation

Abstract

The Cuonadong Dome is located at the eastern part of the North Himalayan gneiss domes. Structural and kinematic analysis in the middle unit of the Cuonadong Dome provide significant new insights into the structural deformation of the middle crust in the Northern Himalaya. Field observations, microscopic kinematic and EBSD analyses, and deformation temperature estimates from the mid-crustal rocks of the Cuonadong Dome show high-strain D2 (top-to-N) kinematic fabrics with a downward-to-north progression from dominantly top-to-north shear in the garnet zone, to solely top-to-north shear in the kyanite/sillimanite zone. A combination of mineral assemblages, microstructures, and quartz crystal preferred orientation patterns indicates deformation temperatures associated with D2 kinematic fabrics increase with structural depth from ∼450 °C in garnet zone to > 630 °C in the kyanite/sillimanite zone. These values broadly overlap temperature range deduced from metamorphic petrography (450–630 °C). Microtextural relations indicate that peak metamorphism occurred post-D1 and pre-D2 deformation. Combined with the ∼1000-m-thick ductile deformation zone, the interpreted deformation temperatures yielded an average thermal field gradient of ∼ 180 °C/km over 1.05 km of structural thickness. Based on the geochronologic data, midcrustal D2 extensional deformation in the Cuonadong Dome initiated as early as early Oligocene (32 Ma) and ended during the middle Miocene (∼14 Ma). Comparative studies of D2 ductile deformation in midcrustal rocks from other North Himalayan gneiss domes and the South Tibetan Detachment System indicate that D2 shear zone in the Cuonadong Dome represent the northern part of the South Tibetan Detachment System, and highlight temporal and spatial variation in midcrustal D2 deformation patterns over the southern Tibet during the Himalayan orogeny.