Urinary Cotinine as a Biomarker of Cigarette Smoke Exposure: A Method to Differentiate Among Active, Second-Hand, and Non-Smoker Circumstances

Abstract

Program for Asthma Control in Bahia (ProAR) and Graduate Studies in Medicine and Health, Bahia Medical School , Federal University of Bahia UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil The Graduate Program in Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil Environmental Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Bahia UFBA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Graduate Program in Pharmacy (PPGFAR-UFBA), Clinical Biochemistry and Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicological Analyses, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia UFBA. Barão de Jeremoabo, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil