60 Years of neutral particle analysis: from early tokamaks to ITER

IF 0.8 4区物理与天体物理 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

The European Physical Journal H Pub Date : 2021-03-19 DOI:10.1140/epjh/s13129-021-00009-6

M. P. Petrov, V. I. Afanasyev, F. V. Chernyshev, P. R. Goncharov, M. I. Mironov, S. Ya. Petrov

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引用次数: 4

Abstract

Academician A.?D.?Sakharov’s idea concerning the emission of atomic flux from hot plasma (1951) inspired scientists of A.?F.?Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute to create the first in the world instrument called Neutral Atom Analyzer in 1960 and then in 1961 to use it successfully on the Alpha device (USSR, 1958–1963). Now the analysis of fluxes of fast atoms referred to as Neutral Particle Analysis (NPA) is one of the main diagnostic methods for the ion component of plasma in tokamaks, stellarators, and other devices. NPA provides a unique opportunity for studying the ion distribution functions, ion temperatures and hydrogen isotope ratio in hot plasma. Neutral particle analyzers developed at the Ioffe Institute were widely used in the USSR until the late 1970s, and afterwards began to be employed worldwide. Since then, most of the information on the ion distribution functions and the behavior of fast ions in fusion plasma is obtained from NPA measurements on all leading magnetic confinement fusion systems worldwide. The specialized complex of atom analyzers currently being created at the Ioffe Institute is included in the primary list of ITER diagnostics. The integration of this complex on ITER is expected to begin in 2025.

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中性粒子分析60年:从早期的托卡马克到ITER

院士a ? d ?萨哈罗夫关于从热等离子体发射原子通量的想法(1951年)启发了a ? f ?Ioffe物理技术研究所于1960年创造了世界上第一台称为中性原子分析仪的仪器，然后在1961年成功地将其用于Alpha设备(苏联，1958-1963)。现在，对快原子通量的分析被称为中性粒子分析(NPA)，是托卡马克、求星器和其他装置中等离子体离子成分的主要诊断方法之一。NPA为研究热等离子体中的离子分布函数、离子温度和氢同位素比值提供了独特的机会。Ioffe研究所开发的中性粒子分析仪在苏联广泛使用，直到20世纪70年代末，后来开始在世界范围内使用。从那时起，关于离子分布函数和聚变等离子体中快离子行为的大部分信息都是通过对世界上所有领先的磁约束聚变系统的NPA测量获得的。目前在Ioffe研究所创建的原子分析仪的专业复合体被包括在ITER诊断的主要列表中。该综合体在ITER上的整合预计将于2025年开始。

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来源期刊

The European Physical Journal H HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE-PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

CiteScore

1.60

自引率

10.00%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： The purpose of this journal is to catalyse, foster, and disseminate an awareness and understanding of the historical development of ideas in contemporary physics, and more generally, ideas about how Nature works. The scope explicitly includes: - Contributions addressing the history of physics and of physical ideas and concepts, the interplay of physics and mathematics as well as the natural sciences, and the history and philosophy of sciences, together with discussions of experimental ideas and designs - inasmuch as they clearly relate, and preferably add, to the understanding of modern physics. - Annotated and/or contextual translations of relevant foreign-language texts. - Careful characterisations of old and/or abandoned ideas including past mistakes and false leads, thereby helping working physicists to assess how compelling contemporary ideas may turn out to be in future, i.e. with hindsight.