No Experience Required: Early Donations and Amateur Candidate Success in Primary Elections

IF 1.4 3区 社会学 Q2 POLITICAL SCIENCE
Rachel Porter, Tyler S. Steelman
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引用次数: 4

Abstract

The electoral dominance of “quality” candidates—political insiders with a history of holding office—is well-established. However, research on the recent rise in successful political neophytes is less studied. Despite longstanding trends in the predominance of experienced candidates in primary elections, nearly half of all quality candidates who ran in non-incumbent races lost to a candidate without prior electoral experience in 2018. In this article, we investigate the success of political newcomers in elections for the U.S. House of Representatives by examining a topic often overlooked in the growing literature on primaries: campaign finance. We show that, from 2016 to 2020, political newcomers saw (1) greater success in future fundraising, and (2) an increased likelihood of primary election victory when they garnered more early contributions from outside their district. This contrasts with prior elections, where early money from inside a candidate's own congressional district served as the strongest predictor of future fundraising and electoral success.

无需经验:早期捐款和业余候选人在初选中的成功
“高素质”候选人——有任职历史的政治内部人士——在选举中的主导地位已经确立。然而,对最近成功的政治新手崛起的研究却很少。尽管长期以来有经验的候选人在初选中占主导地位的趋势,但在2018年,参加非现任竞选的所有优秀候选人中,近一半输给了没有选举经验的候选人。在这篇文章中,我们通过研究一个在不断增长的初选文献中经常被忽视的话题来调查政治新人的成功:竞选资金。我们发现,从2016-2020年开始,政治新人看到(1)在未来的筹款中取得了更大的成功,(2)当他们从选区外获得更多的早期捐款时,他们在初选中获胜的可能性增加了。这与之前的选举形成了鲜明对比,在之前的选举中,候选人所在国会选区的早期资金是未来筹款和选举成功的最有力预测因素。“高质量”候选人——以前担任过选举职务的政治内部人士——在选举中的主导地位已经确立。经验丰富的候选人在做出出柜决定时是明智的,有更大的知名度,并拥有成熟的支持者网络。众所周知,有了这些优势,高素质的候选人在联邦选举中以惊人的一致性击败了政治经验不足的竞争对手。然而,学者和权威人士都注意到,在最近的选举中,政治新手在选举中取得了新的成功。Porter和Treul(2018)发现,有过民选经验的候选人不再像以前那样系统地击败那些没有经验的候选人。从1980年到2014年,有政治经验的美国众议院候选人在没有现任总统的情况下参加初选,几乎80%的时间都击败了业余人士。然而,自2016年以来,在近一半的非现任初选中,优秀的候选人都输给了业余选手。事实上,美国众议院今天的业余议员比过去三十年中的任何一届都多。在这篇论文中,我们使用早期竞选筹款的数据来更好地了解谁或什么可能会推动政治业余爱好者的新成功。对于缺乏选举经验的候选人来说,尽早筹集资金或“种子”资金至关重要,因为这有助于他们展示竞选信誉。早期的竞选收入也可以预测未来的筹款潜力,根据一些研究,还可以预测选举的成功(例如Biersack等人,1993)。大多数美国众议院候选人在当选前一年开始筹款,甚至早在他们的地面竞选开始之前。因此,这些早期收入不太可能来自普通的支持者。这些贡献者更有可能来自活跃在“隐形初选”过程中的政治影响者(Cohen et al.,2008;Rauch和Raja,2017)。我们认为,候选人早期捐助者网络的组成为了解候选人的支持基础提供了重要的见解,也为了解谁可能招募了候选人来竞选公职提供了一个机会。利用2010年至2020年前两个月捐款的个人捐赠者、政党精英和政治组织的数据,72%向联邦选举委员会捐款的候选人在选举前一年开始了筹款活动;当只考察业余候选人时,这一比例降至60%,而当考察2016-2020年参加竞选的业余候选人时则增至66%。
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来源期刊
Legislative Studies Quarterly
Legislative Studies Quarterly POLITICAL SCIENCE-
CiteScore
2.60
自引率
13.30%
发文量
36
期刊介绍: The Legislative Studies Quarterly is an international journal devoted to the publication of research on representative assemblies. Its purpose is to disseminate scholarly work on parliaments and legislatures, their relations to other political institutions, their functions in the political system, and the activities of their members both within the institution and outside. Contributions are invited from scholars in all countries. The pages of the Quarterly are open to all research approaches consistent with the normal canons of scholarship, and to work on representative assemblies in all settings and all time periods. The aim of the journal is to contribute to the formulation and verification of general theories about legislative systems, processes, and behavior.
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