Om positivisme og objektivisme i samfundsvidenskaberne

Nordisk psykologi Pub Date : 2017-10-15 DOI:10.22439/DANSOC.V28I3.5640

Nikolaj Nottelmann

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Abstract

”Positivisme” horer til de mest kontroversielle og mangetydige termer i moderne debatter om samfundsvidenskabelig metode. Bredt anvendte laereboger er pa en gang ofte uklare og voldsomt indbyrdes uenige angaende positivismens metafysiske, erkendelsmaessige og ideologiske forpligtelser. Denne artikel leverer en receptionshistorisk behandling af positivismen fra dens dobbelte udspring i det 19. arhundredes franske og tyske filosofi frem til i dag. Hermed kortlaegges en raekke vaesentlige historiske omforstaelser og misforstaelser som baggrund for nutidens begrebsforvirring. Det pavises efterfolgende, at forskellige positivistiske retningers forhold til videnskabelig objektivisme er en temmelig kompleks og varieret affaere. Det er saledes ufrugtbart at behandle samfundsvidenskabelig positivisme og objektivisme under et, sadan som det ofte gores. ENGELSK ABSTRACT: Nikolaj Nottelmann: On positivism and objectivism in thesocial sciences “Positivism” ranks among the most controversial and polysemous terms in modern social scientific methodological discourses. Widely used textbooks in the social sciences are often unclear and mutually inconsistent in their mapping of positivism’s metaphysical, epistemological, and ideological commitments. This article offers a reception history, tracing positivism from its dual roots in 19th century French and German philosophy of science to the present day. The article points out several eventful historical reinterpretations and misinterpretations responsible for the current conceptual confusion. Then the article explains how various positivistic currents have very different and complex relations to scientific objectivism. Thus, despite common practice, it is unfruitful to treat social scientific positivism and objectivism under one heading. Keywords: Positivism; Objectivism; Phenomenalism; Logical Empiricism; Critical Theory

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论社会科学中的实证主义与客观主义

“实证主义”是指现代社会科学方法争论中最具争议性和歧义性的术语。同时，广泛使用的教科书在实证主义的形而上学、认知和意识形态义务方面往往不明确，而且矛盾激烈。本文从实证主义在19世纪的双重起源入手，对实证主义进行了接受历史的处理。世纪法国和德国哲学至今。这反映了一些重要的历史误解和误解，作为今天概念混乱的背景。由此可见，不同实证主义方向与科学客观主义的关系是一个相当复杂多变的问题。因此，把社会科学实证主义和客观主义放在一起是行不通的，就像人们经常做的那样。尼古拉·诺特曼：论社会科学中的实证主义和客观主义“实证主义”是现代社会科学方法论话语中最具争议性和多义性的术语之一。社会科学中广泛使用的教科书在对实证主义的形而上学、认识论和意识形态承诺的映射中往往是不清楚的，并且相互矛盾。本文提供了一个接受历史，追溯实证主义从19世纪法国和德国科学哲学的双重根源到今天。文章指出了造成当前概念混乱的几种可能的历史重新解释和误解。然后，文章解释了各种实证主义思潮如何与科学客观主义有着非常不同和复杂的关系。因此，把社会科学实证主义和客观主义放在一个标题下看待，尽管是惯例，也是徒劳的。关键词：实证主义；客观主义；现象学；逻辑经验主义；批判理论

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Nordisk psykologi

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