Low-pass whole genome sequencing is a reliable and cost-effective approach for copy number variant analysis in the clinical setting

Abstract

We evaluated the performance of low-pass whole genome sequencing (LP-WGS) to detect copy number variants (CNVs) in clinical cytogenetics. DNA samples with known CNVs detected by chromosomal microarray analyses (CMA) were selected for comparison; our panel included 44 DNA samples (12 prenatal and 32 postnatal), comprising a total of 55 chromosome imbalances. The selected cases were chosen to provide a wide range of clinically relevant CNVs, being the vast majority associated with intellectual disability or recognizable syndromes. The chromosome imbalances ranged in size from 75 kb to 90.3 Mb, including aneuploidies and two cases of mosaicism. All CNVs were successfully detected by LP-WGS, showing a high level of consistency and robust performance of the sequencing method. Notably, the size of chromosome imbalances detected by CMA and LP-WGS were compatible between the two different platforms, which indicates that the resolution and sensitivity of the LP-WGS approach are at least similar to those provided by CMA. Our data show the potential use of LP-WGS to detect CNVs in clinical diagnosis and confirm the method as an alternative for chromosome imbalances detection. The diagnostic effectiveness and feasibility of LP-WGS, in this technical validation study, were evidenced by a clinically representative dataset of CNVs that allowed a systematic assessment of the detection power and the accuracy of the sequencing approach. Further, since the software used in this study is commercially available, the method can be easily tested and implemented in a routine diagnostic setting.