The Gut Microbiome and Their Alteration in Parkinsons Disease Patients: A Review

Abstract

The microbiome and the host have complex hormonal, metabolic, neurological, and immunological associations. In regulating many physiological processes this molecule cross-speech is critical. Changes in gut microbiome composition or function can have profound negative or positive consequences for the host. Cohort studies comparing well-healthy, diseased patients’ gut microbiome profiles found a relationship between many conditions and one individual’s intestinal microbiome. Dysbiosis is often referred to as a change in the microbiome linked to a disease. In most cases, determining whether dysbiosis is a reason or disease action is difficult, and further research (e.g., intervention and longitudinal strategies) is needed to establish cause-effect. Another significant discovery is that no two people, even identical twins, have the same microbiome. In reality, the gut microbiome profiles of healthy people of similar age and demographic are significantly different. Our attempts to define what a “healthy” microbiome has so far failed. A “Healthy” stomach is assumed to have high levels of taxonomic variety (richness), as well as the lack of harmful species. Alterations in gut microbiota are associated to Parkinson’s disease, while the functional importance of these changes is uncertain. A lot of attention has recently been paid to faecal metabolomics, which provides a functional readout of microbial activity.