Improving the comparability of FFF-3D printing emission data by adjustment of the set extruder temperature

IF 3.8 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Chi-Long Tang, Stefan Seeger, Mathias Röllig
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Abstract

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) is a material extrusion-based technique often used in desktop 3D printers. Polymeric filaments are melted and are extruded through a heated nozzle to form a 3D object in layers. The extruder temperature is therefore a key parameter for a successful print job but also one of the main emission driving factors as harmful pollutants (e.g., ultrafine particles) are formed by thermal polymer degradation. The awareness of potential health risks has increased the number of emission studies in the past years. However, studies usually refer their calculated emission data to the printer set extruder temperature for comparison purposes. In this study, we used a thermocouple and an infrared camera to measure the actual extruder temperature and found significant temperature deviations to the displayed set temperature among printer models. Our result shows that printing the same filament feedstocks with three different printer models and with identical printer set temperature resulted in a variation in particle emission of around two orders of magnitude. A temperature adjustment has reduced the variation to approx. one order of magnitude. Thus, it is necessary to refer the measured emission data to the actual extruder temperature as it poses a more accurate comparison parameter for evaluation of the indoor air quality in user scenarios or for health risk assessments.

Abstract Image

通过调整设定的挤出机温度提高FFF-3D打印排放数据的可比性
熔融长丝制造(FFF)是一种基于材料挤压的技术,通常用于台式3D打印机。聚合物细丝熔化并通过加热喷嘴挤出以形成分层的3D物体。因此,挤出机温度是成功打印作业的关键参数,也是主要的排放驱动因素之一,因为有害污染物(如超细颗粒)是由热聚合物降解形成的。对潜在健康风险的认识增加了过去几年进行排放研究的数量。然而,研究通常将其计算的排放数据与打印机设置的挤出机温度进行比较。在本研究中,我们使用热电偶和红外摄像机测量实际挤出机温度,发现不同型号的打印机与显示的设定温度有明显的温度偏差。我们的结果表明,用三种不同的打印机型号和相同的打印机设置温度打印相同的长丝原料会导致颗粒发射的变化约两个数量级。温度调节使变化减小到大约。一个数量级。因此,有必要将测量的排放数据与实际挤出机温度进行比较,因为它为评估用户场景下的室内空气质量或进行健康风险评估提供了更准确的比较参数。
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来源期刊
Atmospheric Environment: X
Atmospheric Environment: X Environmental Science-Environmental Science (all)
CiteScore
8.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
47
审稿时长
12 weeks
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