The Ideological Background of Japanese Expansionism, C. 1900

IF 0.1 Q4 ECONOMICS
H. Kleinschmidt
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Abstract

Abstract This paper examines the ideologies informing the expansion of Japanese rule at c. 1900. The core feature discussed is the idea of tenka (天下; literally translated: all under heaven), constituting the group of ruled in terms of a universalist indigenat (kokumin 国民), which allowed its expansion beyond the Japanese archipelago at government discretion. The concept of the universalist indigenat, having been tied to the Confucian perception of the world as a well-ordered and change-absorbing entity, conflicted with the European concept of the nation as a particularistically conceived type of group, tied to the perception of the world as a dynamic and largely unruly entity. During the latter third of the nineteenth and the early years of the twentieth century, some Japanese intellectuals came to appreciate the dynamism enshrined in the European perception of the world and worked it into established universalism. The fusion produced a powerful ideology of colonial expansion targeted primarily at East and Southeast Asia as well as the South Pacific. By contrast, European military strategists and political theorists, unaware of the Japanese strategic conceptions, expected that solely Russia formed the target of Japanese military expansion.
1900年前后日本扩张主义的思想背景
摘要本文考察了1900年日本统治扩张的意识形态。讨论的核心特征是tenka的思想(天下; 字面意思是:全在天堂之下),构成了普遍主义土著统治的群体(kokumin国民), 这允许其在日本群岛以外的地区扩张,由政府自行决定。普遍主义穷人的概念与儒家将世界视为一个有序和吸收变化的实体的观念相联系,与欧洲将国家视为一种特殊的群体的观念相冲突,后者将世界视为由一个充满活力和基本上不受约束的实体。在十九世纪后三分之一和二十世纪初,一些日本知识分子开始欣赏欧洲人对世界的看法所体现的活力,并将其转化为既定的普遍主义。这种融合产生了一种强大的殖民扩张意识形态,主要针对东亚和东南亚以及南太平洋。相比之下,欧洲军事战略家和政治理论家不知道日本的战略构想,他们认为只有俄罗斯才是日本军事扩张的目标。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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