Diversity and Phosphate Solubilization Efficiency of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria Isolated from Semi-Arid Agroecosystems of Eastern Kenya

Abstract

Phosphorus (P) is a major nutrient required for plant growth but it forms complexes with other elements in soil upon application. A cost-effective way of availing P to plants is by use of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB). There is a wide range of PSB suited for diverse agro-ecologies. A large part of Eastern Kenya especially the lower altitude regions are semi-arid with nutrient depleted soils and predominated by low-income smallholders farmers who do not afford costly inorganic fertilizers. To alleviate poor soil nutrition in this agroecosystem, we sought to study the diversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and their phosphate solubilization efficiency. The bacteria were selectively isolated in Pikovskaya’s agar media. Bacterial colonies were enumerated as Colony Forming Units and morphological characterization determined by analyzing morphological characteristics. Genetic characterization was determined based on sequencing of 16S rRNA. A total of 71 PSB were isolated and they were placed into 23 morphological groups. Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between phosphate solubilizing bacteria and the levels of phosphorus, iron, calcium, magnesium and soil pH. Analysis of 16S rRNA sequences revealed that the genetic sequences of the isolates matched the strains from the genera Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Pantoea, Paraburkholderia, Cronobacter, Ralstonia, Curtobacterium, and Massilia deposited in NCBI Database. Analysis of Molecular Variance showed that variation within populations was higher than that of among populations. Phosphate solubilization index values ranged between 1.143 and 5.883. Findings on biodiversity of phosphate solubilizing bacteria led to identification of 10 candidate isolates for plant growth improvement and subsequently, bio-fertilizer development.