Mitochondria as multifaceted regulators of ferroptosis

Abstract

Mitochondria are well known to be ‘energy factories’ of the cell as they provide intracellular ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Interestingly, they also function as a ‘cellular suicidal weapon store’ by acting as a key mediator of various forms of regulated cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis, distinct from the other types of regulated cell death, is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and subsequent plasma membrane rupture. Growing evidence suggests that an impaired ferroptotic response is implicated in various diseases and pathological conditions, and this impaired response is associated with dramatic changes in mitochondrial morphology and function. Mitochondria are the center of iron metabolism and energy production, leading to altered lipid peroxidation sensitivity. Although a growing number of studies have explored the inextricable link between mitochondria and ferroptosis, the role of this organelle in regulating ferroptosis remains unclear. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of mitochondrial in ferroptosis and summarize the characteristics of this novel iron-based cellular suicide weapon and its arsenal. We also discuss the importance of ferroptosis in pathophysiology, including the need for a further understanding of the relationship between mitochondria and ferroptosis to identify combinatorial targets that are essential for the development of successful drug discovery.