Is Ketogenic Diet Therapy a Remedy for Alzheimer’s Disease or Mild Cognitive Impairments?: A Narrative Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is estimated to increase further due to the aging of the world population. Since preventive strategies or effective treatment for AD have not been defined yet, studies on metabolism and nutritional approaches have gained attention. A present literature review aimed to provide a summary of current evidence on the neuroprotective roles of ketogenic diets. A literature search was conducted on the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases for clinical trials that published in English and focused ketogenic therapy in AD or mild cognitive impairment. The neuroprotective potential of ketone bodies is based on mitochondrial dysfunction, suppression of oxidative damage and inflammation, reduction of the negative effects of impaired glucose metabolism in the brain, and effects at the genomic level. Clinical studies mainly provide evidence of improved verbal memory, attention, and total cognitive function. But optimal procedures have not yet been clarified. Also, ketogenic diet practices in older adults may pose several risks in long term. Therefore, further clinical research will shed more light on the neuroprotective effect, safety, and sustainability of the ketogenic diet, which is promising in the protection or improvement of cognitive functions.