Special theory of relativity in chemistry

IF 1.8 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Nenad Raos
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Abstract

Application of Einstein special theory of relativity in chemistry seems to be superfluous; energies are too low. The average velocity of electron in hydrogen atom (1 s 1) is 1/135 c, making its actual mass only 26,6 ppm bigger than the rest mass. However, for heavier elements (about Z > 60) relativistic effects have to be taken into account and, more, many phenomena cannot be explained without ascribing new mass to electrons, in accordance with Einstein theory. In this paper such phenomena are described: color of metallic gold and Bi and Pb compounds, contraction of Ln-X bond of lanthanide trihalides, voltage of lead-acid and Zn/HgO battery, and the shape of gold clusters. Besides, essentials of Einstein theory and quantum chemistry were problems concerning the validity of Lavoisier law.

Abstract Image

化学中的狭义相对论
爱因斯坦狭义相对论在化学中的应用似乎是多余的;能量太低了。氢原子的电子平均速度(1秒1)是1/135摄氏度,因此它的实际质量只比静止质量大26.6 ppm。然而,对于较重的元素(大约Z > 60),必须考虑相对论效应,而且,根据爱因斯坦理论,如果不把新的质量归因于电子,许多现象就无法解释。本文描述了金属金和Bi、Pb化合物的颜色、三卤化物镧系元素Ln-X键的收缩、铅酸电池和Zn/HgO电池的电压以及金簇的形状等现象。此外,爱因斯坦理论和量子化学的要点是关于拉瓦锡定律有效性的问题。
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来源期刊
Foundations of Chemistry
Foundations of Chemistry HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE-
自引率
22.20%
发文量
35
期刊介绍: Foundations of Chemistry is an international journal which seeks to provide an interdisciplinary forum where chemists, biochemists, philosophers, historians, educators and sociologists with an interest in foundational issues can discuss conceptual and fundamental issues which relate to the `central science'' of chemistry. Such issues include the autonomous role of chemistry between physics and biology and the question of the reduction of chemistry to quantum mechanics. The journal will publish peer-reviewed academic articles on a wide range of subdisciplines, among others: chemical models, chemical language, metaphors, and theoretical terms; chemical evolution and artificial self-replication; industrial application, environmental concern, and the social and ethical aspects of chemistry''s professionalism; the nature of modeling and the role of instrumentation in chemistry; institutional studies and the nature of explanation in the chemical sciences; theoretical chemistry, molecular structure and chaos; the issue of realism; molecular biology, bio-inorganic chemistry; historical studies on ancient chemistry, medieval chemistry and alchemy; philosophical and historical articles; and material of a didactic nature relating to all topics in the chemical sciences. Foundations of Chemistry plans to feature special issues devoted to particular themes, and will contain book reviews and discussion notes. Audience: chemists, biochemists, philosophers, historians, chemical educators, sociologists, and other scientists with an interest in the foundational issues of science.
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