A Shift in Song Tribute Policy and the Emergence of the Terms "Koryŏ Merchants" and "Japanese Merchants"

Abstract

ABSTRACT:This paper examines the fact that the Song government, at least until 1141, only allowed vessels based in China to engage in foreign trade, while opening its ports only to foreign ships that were tribute vessels. This was a result of the Song's efforts to maintain the Sinocentric tribute system despite its diminishing power and international influence. However, worsening fiscal circumstances during the Southern Song period led the Song court to turn toward an anti-tribute policy due to the financial burden caused by the tribute system. By abandoning tribute practices, the Song came to permit trade with foreign ships as well. Reflecting this shift in the Song's policies, "Koryŏ merchants" and "Japanese merchants" appeared in maritime trade throughout the East China Sea, which had been dominated by Song merchants. These appellations are believed to be closely associated with the maritime route, rather than the ethnic origin of the merchants referred to.