Babylonian observations of a unique planetary configuration

IF 0.7 2区 哲学 Q2 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE
Teije de Jong, Hermann Hunger
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In this paper, we discuss Babylonian observations of a “massing of the planets” reported in two Astronomical Diaries, BM 32562 and BM 46051. This extremely rare astronomical phenomenon was observed in Babylon between 20 and 30 March 185 BC shortly before sunrise when all five planets were simultaneously visible for about 10 to 15 min close to the horizon in the eastern morning sky. These two observational texts are not only interesting as records of an extremely rare planetary configuration, but also because (1) the observers appear to be confused by the presence of all planets simultaneously and mix them up in their reports, and (2) the two reports of the same observations are so different that we are forced to conclude that they were carried out by two different observers. There is an additional astronomical event which makes this planetary configuration even more unique: the exact conjunction of the planets Mars and Jupiter in the afternoon of 25 March 185 BC. An exact conjunction, where two planets are so close together that they appear as one object in the sky, is also extremely rare. Although this exact conjunction between Mars and Jupiter occurred during the day so that it was not observable, it was correctly predicted by the Babylonian scholars: a remarkable achievement and a nice illustration of their astronomical craftsmanship. Finally, our study clearly exposes one of the limitations of Babylonian naked-eye astronomy. When first appearances of the planets Mercury, Mars and Saturn are expected around the same date, it is nearly impossible to correctly identify them because their expected positions are only approximately known while they have about the same visual magnitude so that they become visible at about the same altitude above the horizon.

巴比伦人对独特行星结构的观察
在这篇论文中,我们讨论了在两本《天文学日记》BM 32562和BM 46051中报道的巴比伦对“行星群”的观测。公元前185年3月20日至30日,在日出前不久,在巴比伦观测到了这一极其罕见的天文现象,当时在东部早晨的天空中,所有五颗行星在地平线附近同时可见约10至15分钟。这两个观测文本不仅作为一个极其罕见的行星构型的记录而有趣,而且因为(1)观测者似乎对所有行星同时存在感到困惑,并在他们的报告中混淆了它们,(2)同一观察结果的两份报告差异很大,我们不得不得出结论,它们是由两个不同的观察者进行的。还有一个额外的天文事件使这一行星结构更加独特:火星和木星在公元前185年3月25日下午精确会合。两颗行星如此紧密地结合在一起,以至于它们在天空中看起来像一个物体,这种情况也极为罕见。尽管火星和木星之间的这种精确结合发生在白天,因此无法观测到,但巴比伦学者正确地预测了这一点:这是一项了不起的成就,也是他们天文技术的一个很好的例证。最后,我们的研究清楚地揭示了巴比伦肉眼天文学的局限性之一。当水星、火星和土星预计在同一日期左右首次出现时,几乎不可能正确识别它们,因为它们的预期位置只是大致已知的,而它们的视星等大约相同,因此在地平线上方大约相同的高度上可以看到。
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来源期刊
Archive for History of Exact Sciences
Archive for History of Exact Sciences 管理科学-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
1.30
自引率
20.00%
发文量
16
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Archive for History of Exact Sciences casts light upon the conceptual groundwork of the sciences by analyzing the historical course of rigorous quantitative thought and the precise theory of nature in the fields of mathematics, physics, technical chemistry, computer science, astronomy, and the biological sciences, embracing as well their connections to experiment. This journal nourishes historical research meeting the standards of the mathematical sciences. Its aim is to give rapid and full publication to writings of exceptional depth, scope, and permanence.
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