Negotiating the past: addressing Sámi photography

Abstract

There is currently a growing worldwide interest in the Northern and Arctic areas in relation to natural resources, ecology and climate change. But the attention has also been directed towards the question of indigenous rights and the matter of preserving their culture. In June 2017, the National Assembly in Norway sanctioned the establishment of a Truth Commission in order to shed light on a difficult past, involving the oppression and injustices committed towards the Sámi and Kven populations. At the same time Sámi contemporary art attracts wide attention on important international arenas such as Documenta in Athens and Kassel. Negotiating the past is an integral part of ongoing political and cultural processes. Photography is in an important entrance to the past as well as the present. Hardly any cultural form has been more important than photography in the ways Sámi people have been perceived. This special issue of Journal of Aesthetics and Culture explores past and contemporary photography practices connected to the Sámi areas or Sápmi. It raises the following questions: What does the photographic legacy contain? How has it been formed and used? How have tensions between indigenous local agency and the gaze of dominant others been addressed both historically and in the contemporary society? Much of the photographic legacy related to Sápmi is coloured by the ways in which Europeans imagined the Sámi. In this sense it forms part of a NordicEuropean colonial visual culture and perceptual regime, and as such largely conforms to understandings of racial difference, ideas of cultural evolution, and the various agendas of the civilizing missions. The photographs manifest projects ranging from the development of racial typologies to ethnographic classification; they were tools of administrative control and surveillance; they formed part of arctic explorations and Christian missionizing and civilizing projects like education, health and hygiene; and they were distributed in the Western marked as exotica. practices of scientific explorers travelling to the North, with a focus on the images from Sophus Tromholt and Roland Bonaparte’s expeditions in 1883 and 1884. The rather limited existing literature about these photographs is divided in two directions. One points to contemporary artistic reengagements as repatriation of visual heritage, while the other strives to articulate the various degrees of objectification of the Sámi sitters (individuality or typology). However, Lien argues that the photographs in question not only reflect the asymmetries between the photographer and the sitters. Situated in a larger visual economy of exploration, they also appear as identity performances of the academic male subjects who produced them—who made use of photography in order to salvage the scientific credibility of their respective projects. Bonaparte’s journey was only one of many expeditions to the North with the purpose of racial research. Hilde Wallem Nielssen’s article discusses how photographs of the Sámi people were used in the context of Norwegian physical anthropology in the interwar period. She argues that photography increased its value to racial research at a moment when the science was simultaneously at its peak, and on the verge of collapse. Photographs maintained their significance to racial research, but not as biometrical instruments. They provided visual imaginary “evidence” of racial specificities where the scientific practices otherwise failed. However, these images that epitomize the experiences of oppression and abuse of the Sámi population, are today renegotiated and recirculated in Sámi communities. Such processes of reengagement are brought to the forefront in Veli-Pekka Lehtola’s contribution. Focusing on the photographic material in Sápmi and Finland, Lehtola states that this photographic