Municipal reclaimed water as makeup water for cooling systems: Water efficiency, biohazards, and reliability

IF 4.5 3区工程技术 Q1 WATER RESOURCES

Water Resources and Industry Pub Date : 2022-12-01 DOI:10.1016/j.wri.2022.100188

Mohammad Badruzzaman , Jasem R. Anazi , Fawaz A. Al-Wohaib , Abdulaziz A. Al-Malki , Fadel Jutail

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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Municipal reclaimed water is increasingly being considered as a sustainable source of makeup water for cooling towers. However, many oil and gas facilities in the water scarce middle eastern regions still depend on non-renewable groundwater for operating cooling towers. Successful application of reclaimed water in a dry desert climate with very high temperature requires a critical understanding of several factors, including water efficiency, biohazards, equipment reliability, and economics. In particular, biohazard assessment, due to bacteria and virus contamination in hot weather, should be assessed to understand the human risks of utilizing reclaimed water. This study investigated the applicability of municipal reclaimed water as an alternative to groundwater for an industrial cooling system at an oil and gas facility in Saudi Arabia. Treated wastewater effluent from an activated sludge biological treatment process was utilized, as make up water for a 4.2 MW cooling tower. The results of this study showed that water efficiency can be increased using municipal reclaimed water instead of groundwater by increasing the cycle of concentration. The bacterial and enteric virus study indicated that the disinfection and biocide treatment was effective in controlling biological growth and minimizing associated risks to human health. The use of reclaimed water was economically viable with 27% reduction in water consumption.

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城市再生水作为冷却系统的补给水:用水效率、生物危害和可靠性

城市再生水越来越被认为是冷却塔补给水的可持续来源。然而，在缺水的中东地区，许多石油和天然气设施仍然依靠不可再生的地下水来运行冷却塔。再生水在干旱高温沙漠气候中的成功应用需要对几个因素有批判性的理解，包括用水效率、生物危害、设备可靠性和经济性。特别是，生物危害评估，由于细菌和病毒污染在炎热的天气，应进行评估，以了解利用再生水的人类风险。本研究调查了在沙特阿拉伯的一个石油和天然气设施的工业冷却系统中，市政再生水作为地下水替代品的适用性。利用活性污泥生物处理工艺处理后的废水作为4.2 MW冷却塔的补给水。本研究结果表明，利用城市再生水代替地下水可以通过增加浓度循环来提高用水效率。细菌和肠道病毒研究表明，消毒和杀菌剂处理在控制生物生长和减少对人类健康的相关风险方面是有效的。使用再生水在经济上是可行的，可减少27%的耗水量。

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来源期刊

Water Resources and Industry Social Sciences-Geography, Planning and Development

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

5.90%

发文量

审稿时长

75 days

期刊介绍： Water Resources and Industry moves research to innovation by focusing on the role industry plays in the exploitation, management and treatment of water resources. Different industries use radically different water resources in their production processes, while they produce, treat and dispose a wide variety of wastewater qualities. Depending on the geographical location of the facilities, the impact on the local resources will vary, pre-empting the applicability of one single approach. The aims and scope of the journal include: -Industrial water footprint assessment - an evaluation of tools and methodologies -What constitutes good corporate governance and policy and how to evaluate water-related risk -What constitutes good stakeholder collaboration and engagement -New technologies enabling companies to better manage water resources -Integration of water and energy and of water treatment and production processes in industry