Effectiveness of Antibiotics: Anti-Bacterial Activity or Microbial Drug Resistance?

Abstract

Antibiotic, for example, penicillin, cephalosporin, streptomycin, tetracycline, gentamicin, griseofulvin, etc. is well defined by Huggo and Russell as the substance produced by a microorganism (mostly Streptomyces species, Penicillium spp., Bacillus, Micromonospora purpurea; Pseudomonas acidophila or Gluconobacter, etc.), or as an analogous material resulting from chemical synthesis (like chloramphenicol, sulphonamides, diaminopyrimidine derivatives, trimoxazole, ntrofuran compounds, quinolones, imidazole derivatives, etc.), which can inhibit the growth of other microorganisms in low concentrations1. Eventually, to combat the bacterial and the fungal infection, a range of different categories of antibiotics (including the antibacterial antibiotics like the b-lactam antibiotics, tetracycline group, rifamycins, aminoglycoside-aminocyclitol antibiotics, macrolides, polypeptide antibiotics, glycopeptide antibiotics like vancomycin; or the anti-fungal antibiotics like griseofulvin, polyenes, etc.) has long been practiced as per the physicians’ prescriptions marinating the defined forms of administration and dosage1. While the liquid forms of antibiotics (i.e., the antibiotic solutions or suspensions) are usually suggested for the pediatric usage, the granular antibiotics are widely taken by the adults following the appropriate drug concentrations as well as the correct dose of administration to get rid of the microbial infection2. The industrial manufacturing of antibiotics is of significant importance in order to maintain the quality of the active ingredients of the antibiotics and additionally, it’s really important to set the excipients at appropriate concentrations as per the recommendations and guidelines set by the British Pharmacopoeia (BP) or the European Pharmacopoeia (EP), or the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP)3. Moreover, as per the guidelines set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as well as by the standard operating procedures (SOPs) set by the pharmaceutical manufacturing and packaging regulatory guidelines (usually guided both by the FDA and the Pharmacopoeia), the total quality management (TQM) is emphasized through the implementation of the good manufacturing practice (GMP) starting from the raw materials ending up to the finished products ready for distribution into the market for sales3-5.