How well do forecast models represent observed long-lived Rossby wave packets during southern hemisphere summer?

Abstract

Rossby wave packets (RWPs), are atmospheric perturbations linked to the occurrence of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, extratropical cyclone development and other equally destructive phenomena. Under certain circumstances, these packets can last from several days to 2–3 weeks in the atmosphere. Therefore, forecast models should be able to correctly predict their formation and development to enhance extreme weather events prediction from 10 to 30 days in advance. In this study, we assess whether the NCEP and IAP-CAS sub-seasonal forecast models can predict the evolution of observed RWPs that last more than 8 days (long-lived RWPs or LLRWPs) during southern hemisphere summer. Results show that the NCEP (IAP-CAS) model forecasts LLRWPs that appear eastward (westward) from the observed LLRWPs. Both models forecasted LLRWPs that rapidly lose energy after the 6^th–7^th lead day of simulation, which could limit LLRWPs prediction to the synoptic time scale. Additionally, both models better forecast LLRWPs when the packets manifest in the eastern Pacific. Southern Annular mode (SAM) and El Niño Southern-Oscillation (ENSO) do not seem to exert a large influence in the representation of LLRWPs. Nevertheless, during the best LLRWPs forecasts, the observed circulation anomalies signal the manifestation of negative SAM events. In contrast, both forecast models struggle at forecasting LLRWPs when a blocking situation develops to the South of Australia. Lastly, an inactive Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO) seems to favor the development of accurate LLRWPs forecasts, whereas during phases 3, 5 in the NCEP model and 3, 8 for IAP-CAS, the models struggle at forecasting LLRWPs.