Gait and balance in cervical dystonia and dystonic head tremor

Abstract

Background: Previous studies have found gait and balance abnormalities in patients with cervical dystonia. However, the characteristics of gait and balance in cervical dystonia with head tremors have not been ascertained. A midline constant head tremor when walking would likely render gait and balance more difficult. The pathophysiology of dystonia has also been increasingly linked with cerebellar function abnormality, commonly implicated in gait and balance disorders.Methods: We examined the gait and balance characteristics of cervical dystonia presenting with head tremors. We used the timed up-and-go (TUG) walk test, 10 m walk test, Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Gait and Freezing questionnaire. We then assessed the gait on an instrumented walkway system to capture spatiotemporal measures such as speed, cadence, step time, step length, stride width, swing%, stance%, single support%, double support%, and gait variability index (GVI). We also assessed whether the gait in dystonic tremor (DT) differed from essential tremor (ET) and orthostatic tremor (OT), as these tremor disorders share the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway as the common pathological pathway.Results: 50 participants comprising DT (20 patients), ET (15 patients), and OT (15 patients) were enrolled. While the gait abnormalities were subclinical, 11/20 DT patients (55%) walked at a slower speed on the TUG, 11/20 (55%) had reduced scores on the BBS, 9/20 (45%) had increased step time, 4/20 (20%) had reduced step length, 4/20 (20%) had wider stride width, 9/20 (45%) spent greater time during double support and 8/20 (40%) patients had an abnormal GVI. Comparisons of DT with healthy control data revealed a slower gait velocity (p = 0.001) and a reduced step length (p = 0.001). Compared to DT, the ET group revealed a reduced cadence (p = 0.04) and the OT group revealed an increased TUG time (p = 0.03), reduced BBS scores (p = 0.02), reduced step length (p = 0.02), reduced cadence (p = 0.03), reduced GVI (p = 0.01), and increased double support phase (p = 0.045).Conclusion: DT is accompanied by multiple abnormalities affecting gait and balance, albeit subclinical and less pronounced than ET and OT, possibly related to more effective compensatory mechanisms. Nevertheless, these abnormalities indicate that rehabilitative measures warrant consideration when managing in clinical settings.