Ethical Issues in Genome Editing for Non-Human Organisms Using CRISPR/Cas9 System

Abstract

Ethical issues in relation with genome editing for non-human organisms using CRISPR/Cas9 were reviewed. CRISPR/Cas9 system gives rise to significant ethical questions due to its accessibility; ability to make small, precise and specific edits of DNA in living cells; the ability of not leaving trace so that it is not possible to know whether the change has been introduced intentionally or through natural mutation; low cost; speed of use to produce results; and potential to achieve multiple simultaneous edits. The following issues were identified: risks of inducing mutations, the possibility of ecological disequilibrium for edited organisms release in the environment particularly in relation to gene drives, gaps in regulation, animal welfare, military or terrorist applications and the possibility of xenotransplantation between animals and humans. Bioethical issues are also discussed according to principles and about the relation with Nature. The following is recommended: public engagement and ethical reflection are needed to inform decision making; safety issues and environmental risk assessment must be enhanced to ensure efficacious regulation and preventions must be taken to oversee laboratories that use CRISPR technology.