Various Chemical Strategies & Mediators that Improve Beta-Cell Function Through Regeneration and Reprogramming

Abstract

Β cell mass is defined as the total weight of cells in the pancreas and is determined by the balance between death [apoptosis/necrosis] and birth [proliferation of existing cells and neogenesis/ deformation] as well as the volume of individual cells [atrophy/hypertrophy]. Deficiency in beta cells causes diabetes. Type 1 Diabetes [T1D] and Type 2 Diabetes [T2D] are defined as blood hyperglycemia caused by an absolute or relative deficiency of pancreatic Β cells. Β cell mass regeneration is a potential therapeutic strategy for the recovery of damaged Β cells. So far, many chemical compounds have been identified and used to improve the function of beta cells, each of which participates in various stages, including increased transcription and growth factors, proliferation, differentiation of other cells into beta cells, and neogenesis. In this paper, we comprehensively review these strategies and then discuss the various factors involved in regulating the regeneration of Β cells in physiological or pathological conditions such as mediators, transcription factors, and signaling pathways. We will discuss potential medications and possible solutions to improve Β cell regeneration.