Punitive justice serves to restore reciprocal cooperation in three small-scale societies

IF 3 1区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES
Léo Fitouchi , Manvir Singh
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引用次数: 2

Abstract

Fines, corporal punishments, and other procedures of punitive justice recur across small-scale societies. Although they are often assumed to enforce group norms, we here propose the relation-restoration hypothesis of punitive justice, according to which punitive procedures function to restore dyadic cooperation and curtail conflict between offender and victim following violations of reciprocal obligations. We test this hypothesis's predictions using observations of justice systems in three small-scale societies. We code ethnographic reports of 97 transgressions among Kiowa equestrian foragers (North America); analyze a sample of 302 transgressions among Mentawai horticulturalists (Indonesia); and review retributive procedures documented among Nuer pastoralists (South Sudan). Consistent with the relation-restoration hypothesis, we find that third-party punishment is rare; that most third-party involvement aims at resolving conflicts; that costs paid by offenders serve to achieve forgiveness by repairing victims; that punitive justice is accompanied by ceremonial procedures aimed at limiting conflict and restoring goodwill; and that failures to impose costs contribute to a decline in reciprocal cooperation. Although we document rare instances of third-party punishment among the Kiowa (6.6% of offenses), punitive justice more often serves as restorative justice, appeasing victims' urge for revenge while not overly harming offenders' interests to ensure reconciliation.

惩罚性司法有助于在三个小规模社会中恢复互惠合作
罚款、体罚和其他惩罚性司法程序在小规模社会中反复出现。虽然它们通常被认为是执行群体规范,但我们在此提出惩罚性司法的关系恢复假设,根据该假设,惩罚性程序的功能是恢复二元合作,并减少违反互惠义务后罪犯和受害者之间的冲突。我们通过对三个小规模社会的司法系统的观察来检验这一假设的预测。我们编码了97例基奥瓦骑马人(北美)越界行为的人种学报告;分析明打威园艺师(印度尼西亚)302例违规行为的样本;并审查努尔族牧民(南苏丹)记录在案的报复程序。与关系恢复假说一致,我们发现第三方惩罚是罕见的;大多数第三方参与的目的是解决冲突;罪犯付出的代价是为了通过修复受害者来获得宽恕;惩罚性司法伴随着旨在限制冲突和恢复善意的礼仪程序;未能施加成本会导致互惠合作的减少。虽然我们记录了基奥瓦人中很少有第三方惩罚的例子(占犯罪的6.6%),但惩罚性司法更多的是作为恢复性司法,安抚受害者复仇的冲动,同时不会过度损害犯罪者的利益,以确保和解。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Evolution and Human Behavior
Evolution and Human Behavior 生物-行为科学
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
9.80%
发文量
62
审稿时长
82 days
期刊介绍: Evolution and Human Behavior is an interdisciplinary journal, presenting research reports and theory in which evolutionary perspectives are brought to bear on the study of human behavior. It is primarily a scientific journal, but submissions from scholars in the humanities are also encouraged. Papers reporting on theoretical and empirical work on other species will be welcome if their relevance to the human animal is apparent.
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