Tribocorrosion of Polyethylene/Cobalt Contact Combined with Real-Time Fluorescence Assays on Living Macrophages: Development of A Multidisciplinary Biotribocorrosion Device

Abstract

The test conditions currently used in biotribocorrosion devices often differ greatly from the physiological conditions of joint replacements, contributing to discrepancies between the simulated and actual life span of joint replacements. In this study, a multidisciplinary biotribocorrosion device was developed based on the limitations of existing tribocorrosimeters. The set-up enables corrosion measurements to be simultaneously performed with real-time visualization of living cells using fluorescence microscopy under dynamic loads and movements. The device was configured to simulate the joint contact of ankle prostheses, and the wear of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene/cobalt alloy (CoCrMo) implants surrounded by murine macrophages was tested. Various characterization techniques (non-contact optical profilometry, scanning and fluorescence electron microscopy and quantitative analyses of metal ions and pro-inflammatory cytokines) were combined in-depth multidisciplinary study. Two experimental conditions were used to promote the production of either polyethylene wear particles or metal ions. The first results indicated two distinct tribocorrosion mechanisms: 1) adhesive wear coupled with slow ionic depassivation of the cobalt alloy. The main degradation products were micrometric spherical polyethylene particles that seem to have little impact effect on the metabolic activity of the macrophages. 2) Ionic wear with the production of small, fibrillar polyethylene particles was observed. The production of metal ions, mainly chromium, was the predominant degradation process. The cytotoxicity of the chromium ions was evaluated based on the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (prostaglandin E₂). Our findings indicate that simulated conditions that result in low mechanical wear but high ions release appear to be more harmful to cells.