Rethinking Communities, Land and Governance: Land Reform in Scotland and the Community Ownership Model

IF 3.4 2区 经济学 Q1 REGIONAL & URBAN PLANNING
Carey Doyle
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Abstract

I’d like to start with a thought experiment: imagine being a planner in a place where community organisations have wide-ranging powers over land ownership and use. Residents can come together to form non-profit community organisations, which can purchase and develop land and buildings to meet their needs and set out a spatial policy for their local area. These organisations have open membership, are democratically governed and act in the public interest. They have legal rights over land, including first right of purchase for pre-identified sites, and for compulsory purchase. There is technical support available to build organisational capacity, as well as funding for purchase and development. As non-profit local landowners, any value derived from development or use is reinvested locally; for example, a community-owned business can provide funding for a community garden. These community organisations own key local assets that they identify, and they work collaboratively with other landowners (public and private) to deliver projects. In this model, communities’s role in land use planning systems is expanded – from a narrow role in commenting on others’ proposals for land (whether planning policy produced by government, or developers’ projects) – to include a range of options which arise from meaningful power over land. Communities could designate sites to protect land use, prepare a local plan, declare a preference for purchase should the land come up for sale, or force a sale in the interests of sustainable development. This approach is notably different to the role of community in planning in many contexts – this is emergent citizen control, with power, as noted in Arnstein’s (1969) oft-referred Ladder of Public Participation.
反思社区、土地和治理:苏格兰的土地改革和社区所有权模式
我想从一个思想实验开始:想象一下,在一个社区组织对土地所有权和使用拥有广泛权力的地方,作为一名规划师。居民可以聚集在一起成立非营利社区组织,购买和开发土地和建筑以满足他们的需求,并为当地制定空间政策。这些组织拥有开放的会员资格,实行民主管理,并以公众利益为重。他们对土地拥有合法权利,包括对预先确定的场地的优先购买权和强制购买权。有技术支持可用于建立组织能力,也有资金用于采购和开发。作为非营利的当地土地所有者,开发或使用产生的任何价值都在当地进行再投资;例如,社区所有的企业可以为社区花园提供资金。这些社区组织拥有他们确定的关键当地资产,并与其他土地所有者(公共和私人)合作交付项目。在这种模式中,社区在土地利用规划系统中的作用被扩大了——从评论他人的土地提案(无论是政府制定的规划政策还是开发商的项目)的狭隘作用,到包括一系列由对土地的有意义的权力产生的选择。社区可以指定保护土地使用的地点,制定当地计划,在土地出售时宣布优先购买,或者为了可持续发展的利益强制出售。这种方法与许多情况下社区在规划中的作用明显不同——这是具有权力的紧急公民控制,正如Arnstein(1969)经常提到的“公众参与阶梯”中所指出的那样。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.40
自引率
5.10%
发文量
35
期刊介绍: Planning Theory & Practice provides an international focus for the development of theory and practice in spatial planning and a forum to promote the policy dimensions of space and place. Published four times a year in conjunction with the Royal Town Planning Institute, London, it publishes original articles and review papers from both academics and practitioners with the aim of encouraging more effective, two-way communication between theory and practice. The Editors invite robustly researched papers which raise issues at the leading edge of planning theory and practice, and welcome papers on controversial subjects. Contributors in the early stages of their academic careers are encouraged, as are rejoinders to items previously published.
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