Periodic tables for cations + 1, + 2, + 3 and anions − 1. Quantitative characteristics for manifestations of internal periodicity and kainosymmetry

Abstract

This paper describes the construction of the Periodic Tables for cations of all elements with charges + 1, + 2, + 3 and anions with charge − 1. The Table for cations⁺¹ differs significantly from other newly constructed Tables and from known Tables, as the d- and f-blocks are inserted into s-block and split it up for two parts. Importantly, a new type of 3d- and 4f-shell contractions has been discovered. The manifestations of secondary periodicity in case of anions is absent or opposite to the manifestations observed for atoms and cations. For kainosymmetric anions, the ionization energies are lowered, which contradicts the theoretical assumptions and experimental data supporting the classical concept of kainosymmetry. Simple formulas are proposed for quantitative description of the manifestations of internal periodicity and kainosymmetry. The regularities of change in these manifestations depending on the charge and the position of ions or atoms in the Periodic Table are established. In the 6th period, the bifurcation in the properties characteristic of the internal periodicity does not occur at usual position, i.e. in the middle of the row from the block of the Periodic Table (p³–p⁴), but takes place earlier, along with the transition of the electronic configurations p²–p³. In other words, the place of transition from "early" to "late" elements changes.