The gesture–language association over time in toddlers with and without language delays

IF 2.5 Q1 EDUCATION, SPECIAL
S. S. Manwaring, Lauren B Swineford, Danielle L. Mead, Chih-Ching Yeh, Yue Zhang, A. Thurm
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引用次数: 12

Abstract

Background and aims Young children with language delays or other factors that heighten risk for autism spectrum disorder often show reduced gesture use. In particular, deictic gestures such as pointing and showing are reported to be deficient in young children with autism spectrum disorder, and their use has been found to predict expressive vocabulary development. The first aim of this study was to examine the production of two types of gestures (deictic and conventional) for two communicative functions (behavior regulation and joint attention) across two observational contexts in a sample of 18-month-old toddlers with significant language delays compared to typical controls. The second aim was to examine if and how gesture use (type and communicative function) at 18 months is associated with later receptive and expressive language. Methods Toddlers with significant language delays (n = 30) or typical development (n = 62) were drawn from longitudinal studies of early language delay as a risk factor for autism spectrum disorder. Toddlers identified with early language delay were classified based on a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (n = 12) or non-autism spectrum disorder (n = 18) after an evaluation at 36 months. Gestures were coded from video recordings of the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile–Behavior Sample and a naturalistic parent–child interaction obtained at 18 months. Language outcomes included receptive and expressive age equivalents from the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and the number of words produced on the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories. Results At 18 months, toddlers with language delay showed reduced deictic and conventional gesture use in both the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile–Behavior Sample and parent–child interaction compared to toddlers with typical development. Within the language delay group, toddlers with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis at outcome also produced significantly fewer deictic gestures than those without an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis across both communicative functions and observational contexts. While all groups of toddlers gestured more in the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile–Behavior Sample, the mean difference in gesture use between the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile–Behavior Sample and parent–child interaction was significantly larger in toddlers with typical development than language delay for deictic gestures, as compared to the difference between the two contexts for conventional gestures. In the combined sample, a significant association was found between deictic gestures used in the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales Developmental Profile–Behavior Sample and change in the number of words produced from 18 to 36 months, accounting for significant demographic and developmental confounders. Conclusions Findings show that early language delay is associated with reduced deictic and conventional gestures across observational contexts. Importantly, deictic gesture use, but not conventional, was associated with the development of expressive language in toddlers with and without language delays. Implications Deictic gestures play an important role in the development of expressive language in toddlers, including those with language delays. Assessment of young children with language delays should include evaluation of types of gestures used and communicative function of gestures, with assessments utilizing communicative temptations yielding higher rates of gesture production. Directly targeting both gesture type and function in early intervention may be important in facilitating the development of language.
有语言迟缓和没有语言迟缓的幼儿的手势语言关系
背景和目的有语言迟缓或其他增加自闭症谱系障碍风险的因素的幼儿往往表现出手势使用的减少。特别是,据报道,患有自闭症谱系障碍的幼儿缺乏指向和展示等指示手势,而它们的使用被发现可以预测表达性词汇的发展。本研究的第一个目的是检查两种类型的手势(指示和常规)的产生两种交际功能(行为调节和共同注意)在两种观察环境中,18个月大的幼儿与典型对照相比,有明显的语言延迟。第二个目的是研究18个月大的婴儿的手势使用(类型和交际功能)是否与后来的接受性和表达性语言相关,以及如何相关。方法从早期语言迟缓作为自闭症谱系障碍危险因素的纵向研究中抽取30例显著语言迟缓或62例发育正常的幼儿作为研究对象。在36个月的评估后,根据诊断为自闭症谱系障碍(n = 12)或非自闭症谱系障碍(n = 18)对早期语言迟缓的幼儿进行分类。手势编码来自18个月大的交流和符号行为量表发展概况-行为样本和自然亲子互动的录像记录。语言结果包括马伦早期学习量表的接受和表达年龄当量,以及麦克阿瑟-贝茨交际发展量表产生的单词数量。结果在18个月时,语言迟缓的幼儿在交际和符号行为量表、发展轮廓-行为样本和亲子互动中,指示手势和传统手势的使用都比发育正常的幼儿减少。在语言延迟组中,在交际功能和观察情境中,诊断为自闭症谱系障碍的幼儿在结果中产生的指示手势也明显少于没有诊断为自闭症谱系障碍的幼儿。虽然所有组的幼儿在交流和符号行为量表发展概况-行为样本中都有更多的手势,但典型发展幼儿在交流和符号行为量表发展概况-行为样本和亲子互动中手势使用的平均差异显著大于语言延迟的指示手势,而在传统手势的两种环境中差异较大。在综合样本中,在交流和符号行为量表发展概况-行为样本中使用的指示手势与18至36个月的单词数量变化之间发现了显著的关联,这说明了重要的人口统计学和发展混杂因素。研究结果表明,在观察情境中,早期语言延迟与指示手势和传统手势的减少有关。重要的是,指示手势的使用,而不是传统的,与有或没有语言延迟的幼儿表达性语言的发展有关。指示手势在幼儿表达性语言的发展中起着重要的作用,包括语言发育迟缓的幼儿。对有语言迟缓的幼儿的评估应该包括对所使用的手势类型和手势的交际功能的评估,利用交际诱惑的评估会产生更高的手势生成率。在早期干预中直接针对手势类型和功能可能对促进语言发展很重要。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Autism and Developmental Language Impairments
Autism and Developmental Language Impairments Psychology-Clinical Psychology
CiteScore
3.20
自引率
0.00%
发文量
20
审稿时长
12 weeks
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