Shame experienced by self and others: A relational approach

IF 1 3区心理学 Q3 PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Culture & Psychology Pub Date : 2022-02-13 DOI:10.1177/1354067X211073919

Regitze Lyhne, Brady Wagoner

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Abstract

Building on Burkitt’s (2014) esthetic and relational theory of emotions, this article presents a study that explores how and when shame is experienced, focusing on the role of social and cultural factors in it. People were asked to describe in detail an occasion in which they experienced shame and an occasion in which they observed someone else experiencing it. Following an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis in which the focus is on what the experiences mean to the people having them (i.e., their lifeworld) four dominant themes were identified: Expectations, self-control, feeling exposed, and bodily reactions and empathy. The study showed how these themes are interrelated: the expectations function as a normative frame that defines what behavior is appropriate in a certain situation, which is present in all the cases. Self-control is a tool required to stay within the normative frame, and when one steps outside the frame, shame and other negative feelings can occur, which can lead to a feeling of being exposed. When describing observations of shame, many participants focused on visible, bodily reactions, along with a normative interpretation about what the other person might be feeling in that specific situation. Another interesting tendency is that some participants would describe observed shame that is similar to their own experience of shame. The discussion applies positioning theory to shame and reflects on shaming at a broader societal level.

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自我和他人经历的羞耻:一种关系方法

在Burkitt（2014）的情感美学和关系理论的基础上，本文提出了一项研究，探讨了羞耻感是如何以及何时体验的，重点是社会和文化因素在其中的作用。人们被要求详细描述他们体验羞耻感的场合，以及他们观察到他人体验羞耻的场合。根据解释性现象学分析，重点是体验对拥有体验的人（即他们的生活世界）意味着什么，确定了四个主要主题：期望、自我控制、暴露的感觉、身体反应和同理心。这项研究表明了这些主题是如何相互关联的：期望作为一个规范框架，定义了在特定情况下什么行为是合适的，这在所有情况下都存在。自我控制是一种保持在规范框架内所需的工具，当一个人走出框架时，可能会产生羞耻感和其他负面情绪，从而导致暴露的感觉。在描述对羞耻感的观察时，许多参与者专注于可见的身体反应，以及对他人在特定情况下可能感受的规范解释。另一个有趣的趋势是，一些参与者会描述观察到的羞耻感，这与他们自己的羞耻感相似。该讨论将定位理论应用于羞辱，并在更广泛的社会层面上反思羞辱。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Culture & Psychology PSYCHOLOGY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-

CiteScore

2.40

自引率

18.80%

发文量

期刊介绍： Culture & Psychology addresses the centrality of culture necessary for a basic understanding of the psychology of human beings: their identity, social conduct, intra- and intersubjective experiences, emotions and semiotic creativity. By drawing on diverse theoretical backgrounds, the editorial aim is to provide an international and interdisciplinary forum for scholarly investigations and discussions that will advance our basic knowledge of the self in its historical and cultural contexts. The orientation of the journal is towards formulating new conceptualizations of culture in psychology, together with theoretically relevant empirical investigations.