Time of Anarchy: Indigenous Power and the Crisis of Colonialism in Early America by Matthew Kruer (review)

IF 1.1 2区 历史学 Q1 HISTORY
A. C. Schutt
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In Time of Anarchy, Matthew Kruer examines the history of the Susquehannocks in the seventeenth century, demonstrating their remarkable influence on social and political events across a wide-reaching geography. Researching the history of the Susquehannocks presents challenges because, as Kruer notes, available evidence is “usually fragmentary, brief, and frustratingly vague” (8). Nonetheless, through extensive research and careful interrogation of colonial documents and archaeological sources, Kruer makes crucial discoveries, even from the smallest details or “glimpses” (243) of Susquehannocks left by colonial recorders. Kruer expertly weaves a complex story in chapters organized around several areas of analysis: “emotional cultures, rumors, migrations, conspiracy theory, peacemaking, captivity, and racial thinking” (7). During the main period of this study, 1675–85, the Susquehannocks’ population was small. Kruer stresses, however, that we should not be misled by the size of the group. “Its actions caused repercussions far out of proportion to its numbers” (4), he argues, adding that “Susquehannock influence was often indirect, but it had enormous geographic breadth and transformative intensity” (4–6).1 Susquehannocks affected political and social developments not just in their homelands in the Susquehanna Valley but also in the valleys of the Potomac, Delaware, and Hudson Rivers and in the area near Albemarle Sound. “Despite their small numbers,” Kruer writes of the Susquehannocks, “the ripple effects of their actions set in motion a series of political convulsions that gripped the English colonies” (111). He shows how Susquehannocks’ movements, alliances, and warfare—as well as rumors about these—raised alarms among colonists, whose fears of Indigenous attacks fed into popular unrest over how colonial governments responded to these challenges. Borrowing language from Maryland and Virginia colonists, Kruer refers to this as a “Time of Anarchy” (6) during which popular dissatisfactions and tumults spread. What happened in Virginia reverberated in Maryland, and vice versa. Colonial rebellion in Virginia stoked political flames in Carolina’s Albemarle region. Kruer follows the evidence carefully; time and again, he links colonial political unrest back to the Susquehannocks and to colonists’ fears about what
《无政府时代:美洲早期的本土权力与殖民主义危机》作者:马修·克鲁尔
在《无政府时代》一书中,马修·克鲁尔考察了17世纪萨斯奎汉诺克人的历史,展示了他们在广泛的地理范围内对社会和政治事件的显著影响。研究萨斯奎汉诺克人的历史带来了挑战,因为正如克鲁尔所指出的那样,现有的证据“通常是零碎的、简短的、令人沮丧的模糊的”(8)。尽管如此,通过广泛的研究和对殖民文献和考古资料的仔细询问,克鲁尔取得了重要的发现,甚至是从殖民记录者留下的萨斯奎汉诺克人的最小细节或“一瞥”(243)。克鲁尔熟练地将一个复杂的故事以章节的形式组织在几个分析领域:“情感文化、谣言、移民、阴谋论、和平、囚禁和种族思想”(7)。在这项研究的主要时期,1675年至1685年,萨斯奎汉诺克斯的人口很少。然而,Kruer强调,我们不应该被这个群体的规模所误导。“它的行动所造成的影响远远超出了它的人数”(4),他认为,并补充说“萨斯奎汉诺克的影响通常是间接的,但它具有巨大的地理广度和变革强度”(4 - 6)萨斯奎汉诺克不仅影响了萨斯奎汉纳河谷家乡的政治和社会发展,还影响了波托马克河、特拉华州和哈德逊河流域以及阿尔伯马尔湾附近地区。“尽管人数不多,”克鲁尔在谈到萨斯奎汉诺克时写道,“但他们的行动引发了一系列政治动荡,席卷了英国殖民地。”他展示了萨斯奎汉诺克斯的运动、联盟和战争——以及关于这些的谣言——如何在殖民者中引起警觉,他们对土著袭击的恐惧助长了对殖民政府如何应对这些挑战的普遍不安。借用马里兰和弗吉尼亚殖民者的语言,克鲁尔将这一时期称为“无政府时期”,在此期间,民众的不满和骚乱蔓延开来。弗吉尼亚州发生的事情在马里兰州引起反响,反之亦然。弗吉尼亚州的殖民叛乱在卡罗莱纳的阿尔伯马尔地区点燃了政治火焰。克鲁尔仔细追踪证据;他一次又一次地将殖民地的政治动荡与萨斯奎汉诺克家族联系起来,并将其与殖民者的恐惧联系起来
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来源期刊
CiteScore
1.40
自引率
12.50%
发文量
52
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