Structural and functional roles of non-bilayer lipid phases of chloroplast thylakoid membranes and mitochondrial inner membranes

IF 14 1区 医学 Q1 BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Győző Garab , Lev S. Yaguzhinsky , Ondřej Dlouhý , Semen V. Nesterov , Vladimír Špunda , Edward S. Gasanoff
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引用次数: 12

Abstract

The ‘standard’ fluid-mosaic membrane model can provide a framework for the operation of the photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport systems, the generation of the proton motive force (pmf) and its utilization for ATP synthesis according to the chemiosmotic theory. However, this model, with the bilayer organization of all lipid molecules, assigns no function to non-bilayer lipids – while in recent years it became clear that the two fundamental energy transducing membranes of the biosphere, chloroplast thylakoid membranes (TMs) and inner mitochondrial membranes (IMMs), contain large amounts of non-bilayer (non-lamellar) lipid phases.

In this review, we summarize our understanding on the role of non-lamellar phases in TMs and IMMs: (i) We propose that for these membrane vesicles the dynamic exchange model (DEM) provides a more suitable framework than the ‘standard’ model; DEM complements the ‘standard’ model by assuming the co-existence of bilayer and non-bilayer phases and their interactions, which contribute to the structural dynamics of the membrane systems and safe-guard the membranes’ high protein:lipid ratios. (ii) Non-bilayer phases play pivotal roles in membrane fusion and intermembrane lipid exchanges – essential processes in the self-assembly of these highly folded intricate membranes. (iii) The photoprotective, lipocalin-like lumenal enzyme, violaxanthin de-epoxidase, in its active state requires the presence of non-bilayer lipid phase. (iv) Cardiotoxins, water-soluble polypeptides, induce non-bilayer phases in mitochondria. (v) ATP synthesis, in mammalian heart IMMs, is positively correlated with the amount of non-bilayer packed lipids with restricted mobility. (vi) The hypothesized sub-compartments, due to non-lamellar phases, are proposed to enhance the utilization of pmf and might contribute to the recently documented functional independence of individual cristae within the same mitochondrion. Further research is needed to identify and characterize the structural entities associated with the observed non-bilayer phases; and albeit fundamental questions remain to be elucidated, non-lamellar lipid phases should be considered on a par with the bilayer phase, with which they co-exist in functional TMs and IMMs.

叶绿体类囊体膜和线粒体内膜的非双层脂质相的结构和功能作用。
“标准”流体镶嵌膜模型可以根据化学渗透理论为光合作用和呼吸电子传递系统的运作、质子动力(pmf)的产生及其在ATP合成中的利用提供一个框架。然而,该模型中所有脂质分子都是双层组织,没有赋予非双层脂质任何功能,而近年来,生物圈的两个基本能量转导膜,叶绿体类囊体膜(TMs)和线粒体内膜(IMMs),含有大量的非双层(非层状)脂质相。在这篇综述中,我们总结了我们对非层状相在TMs和IMMs中的作用的理解:(i)我们提出动态交换模型(DEM)提供了一个比“标准”模型更合适的框架;DEM通过假设双层和非双层相共存以及它们之间的相互作用来补充“标准”模型,这有助于膜系统的结构动力学,并保护膜的高蛋白质:脂质比率。(ii)非双层相在膜融合和膜间脂质交换中起关键作用,这是这些高度折叠的复杂膜自组装的必要过程。(iii)光保护,类脂钙素的管腔酶,紫黄质去环氧酶,在其活性状态下需要非双层脂质相的存在。(iv)心脏毒素,水溶性多肽,在线粒体中诱导非双层相。(v)哺乳动物心脏imm中ATP的合成与流动性受限的非双层填充脂质的数量呈正相关。(vi)假设的亚室,由于非板层相,提出了提高pmf的利用,并可能有助于最近记录的单个嵴在同一线粒体内的功能独立性。需要进一步的研究来识别和表征与观察到的非双层相相关的结构实体;尽管基本问题仍有待阐明,但非层状脂质相应与双分子层相相提并论,它们在功能性脑转移质和内质转移质中共存。
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来源期刊
Progress in lipid research
Progress in lipid research 生物-生化与分子生物学
CiteScore
24.50
自引率
2.20%
发文量
37
审稿时长
14.6 weeks
期刊介绍: The significance of lipids as a fundamental category of biological compounds has been widely acknowledged. The utilization of our understanding in the fields of biochemistry, chemistry, and physiology of lipids has continued to grow in biotechnology, the fats and oils industry, and medicine. Moreover, new aspects such as lipid biophysics, particularly related to membranes and lipoproteins, as well as basic research and applications of liposomes, have emerged. To keep up with these advancements, there is a need for a journal that can evaluate recent progress in specific areas and provide a historical perspective on current research. Progress in Lipid Research serves this purpose.
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