Assessment of human-carnivore conflict in Chitral, Pakistan

Ukrainian Journal of Ecology Pub Date : 2020-12-10 DOI:10.15421/2020_258

O. Ahmad

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While In the adjacent village’s foxes contributed 73% of the total poultry depredation cases. No records of snow leopard depredation cases were found in the last 7 years. Depredation cases of lynx and jackal were very few. Most of the livestock depredation reported during the summer months from May to September while most of poultry depredation w0ere reported during the winter months from September to March. Respondents revealed that no compensation had given to the affected households, not from the responsible authorities nor from NGOs, that’s why their perception towards carnivore is not good. Of the total 28% recommended killing of carnivores, 22% were in favor of paying compensation for losses to affect. While few recommended improving of sheds/corals, employee youth as a guard, understand carnivore’s habitat to reduce conflict. Results indicates that human carnivore conflict is intense in the area. However, it could be reduced by multi-prolonged conservation programs includes compensation, insurance programs, awareness creation and Improving the livestock and poultry Corals/Sheds. Introducing trophy hunting in the area can also play a vital role in mitigating conflict. The money generated from hunting can be utilized for losses compensation and developmental purposes in the area. \n \nKeywords: Human-Carnivore conflict; Depredation; Snow leopard; Wolf; Fox; Lynx; Jackal \n \n \nReferences \n \nAhmad, A. (2013). Study on Livestock depredation pattern in Rumboor and Laspur valley Chitral (World Wide Fund for Nature Pakistan) pp 11. \n \nAhmed, H. (2017). Assessment of Human Widlife Conflicts in Chitral Gol National Park. Wildlife Division Chitral Gol National Park. 21 pp \n \nAtwood, T. C., Weeks, H. P., & Gehring, T. M. (2004). Spatial ecology of coyotes along a suburban-to-rural gradient. Journal of Wildlife Management, 68(4), 1000-1009. \n \nBless, C., Higson-Smith, C., & Kagee, A. (2006). Fundamentals of social research methods: An African perspective. Juta and Company Ltd. pp 200 \n \nDar, N. I., Minhas, R. A., Zaman, Q., & Linkie, M. (2009). Predicting the patterns, perceptions and causes of human–carnivore conflict in and around Machiara National Park, Pakistan. Biological Conservation, 142(10), 2076-2082. \n \nDin, J. U., Hameed, S., Shah, K. A., Khan, M. A., Khan, S., Ali, M., & Nawaz, M. A. (2013). Assessment of Canid Abundance and Conflict with Humans in the Hindu Kush Mountain Range of Pakistan. Wildlife Biology in Practice, 9(2). \n \nDon Carlos, A. W., Bright, A. D., Teel, T. L., & Vaske, J. J. (2009). Human–black bear conflict in urban areas: an integrated approach to management response. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 14(3), 174-184. \n \nInskip, C., & Zimmermann, A. (2009). Human-felid conflict: a review of patterns and priorities worldwide. Oryx, 43(1), 18-34. \n \nKaranth, K. U., Sunquist, M. E., & Chinnappa, K. M. (1999). Long-term monitoring of tigers: lessons from Nagarahole. Riding the tiger: tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 114-122. \n \nKellert, S. R., Black, M., Rush, C. R., & Bath, A. J. (1996). Human culture and large carnivore conservation in North America. Conservation Biology, 10(4), 977-990. \n \nLinkie, M., Dinata, Y., Nofrianto, A., & Leader�?�Williams, N. (2007). Patterns and perceptions of wildlife crop raiding in and around Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra. Animal Conservation, 10(1), 127-135. \n \nLodhi, A. (2007). Conservation of leopards in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan. 77 pp. \n \nMaclennan, S. D., Groom, R. J., Macdonald, D. W., & Frank, L. G. (2009). Evaluation of a compensation scheme to bring about pastoralist tolerance of lions. Biological Conservation, 142(11), 2419-2427. \n \nMeriggi, A., & Lovari, S. (1996). A review of wolf predation in southern Europe: does the wolf prefer wild prey to livestock?. Journal of applied ecology, 33(6),1561-1571. \n \nMorehouse, A. T., Tigner, J., & Boyce, M. S. (2018). Coexistence with Large Carnivores Supported by a Predator-Compensation Program. Environmental management, 61(5), 719-731. \n \nMponzi, B. P., Lepczyk, C. A., & Kissui, B. M. (2014). Characteristics and distribution of live-stock losses caused by wild carnivores in Maasai Steppe of northern Tanzania. Human–Wildlife Interactions, 8(2), 7. \n \nNaughton�?�Treves, L. (1998). Predicting patterns of crop damage by wildlife around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Conservation biology, 12(1), 156-168. \n \nPoessel, S. A., Breck, S. W., Teel, T. L., Shwiff, S., Crooks, K. R., & Angeloni, L. (2013). Patterns of human–coyote conflicts in the Denver Metropolitan Area. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 77(2), 297-305 \n \nPolisar, J. R. (2000). Jaguars, pumas, their prey base, and cattle ranching: ecological perspectives of a management issue (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida) pp 228. \n \nSatterfield, L. (2009). Trailing the Snow Leopard: Sustainable Wildlife Conservation in Ladakh (India). Mount Holyoke College. MS thesis-Tibetan and Himalayan Studies, SIT, 72 pp. \n \nSillero-Zubiri, C., & Laurenson, M. K. (2001). Interactions between carnivores and local communities: Conflict or co-existence? (Cambridge University Press) pp 35. \n \nTreves, A., & Karanth, K. U. (2003). Human�?�carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. 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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Human-carnivore conflict is considered to be a major conservation and livelihood issue (Dar et al., 2009). The present study was conducted to assessed human carnivores’ conflict, its causes, severity and recommending conflict mitigation suggestions. Conflict in the study area was assessed through interview questionnaire, focus group discussions, pasture’s visits and observations. Results showed that 19% respondents had experienced conflict with carnivores. Carnivores depredation on livestock and poultry was the main cause of conflict. Wolves and Foxes are among most blamed carnivores in the study area. Last seven years depredation cases indicated that wolfs are the most destructive and lethal predator of livestock among all. In the pastures wolfs contributed 90% of the total damage. While In the adjacent village’s foxes contributed 73% of the total poultry depredation cases. No records of snow leopard depredation cases were found in the last 7 years. Depredation cases of lynx and jackal were very few. Most of the livestock depredation reported during the summer months from May to September while most of poultry depredation w0ere reported during the winter months from September to March. Respondents revealed that no compensation had given to the affected households, not from the responsible authorities nor from NGOs, that’s why their perception towards carnivore is not good. Of the total 28% recommended killing of carnivores, 22% were in favor of paying compensation for losses to affect. While few recommended improving of sheds/corals, employee youth as a guard, understand carnivore’s habitat to reduce conflict. Results indicates that human carnivore conflict is intense in the area. However, it could be reduced by multi-prolonged conservation programs includes compensation, insurance programs, awareness creation and Improving the livestock and poultry Corals/Sheds. Introducing trophy hunting in the area can also play a vital role in mitigating conflict. The money generated from hunting can be utilized for losses compensation and developmental purposes in the area. Keywords: Human-Carnivore conflict; Depredation; Snow leopard; Wolf; Fox; Lynx; Jackal References Ahmad, A. (2013). Study on Livestock depredation pattern in Rumboor and Laspur valley Chitral (World Wide Fund for Nature Pakistan) pp 11. Ahmed, H. (2017). Assessment of Human Widlife Conflicts in Chitral Gol National Park. Wildlife Division Chitral Gol National Park. 21 pp Atwood, T. C., Weeks, H. P., & Gehring, T. M. (2004). Spatial ecology of coyotes along a suburban-to-rural gradient. Journal of Wildlife Management, 68(4), 1000-1009. Bless, C., Higson-Smith, C., & Kagee, A. (2006). Fundamentals of social research methods: An African perspective. Juta and Company Ltd. pp 200 Dar, N. I., Minhas, R. A., Zaman, Q., & Linkie, M. (2009). Predicting the patterns, perceptions and causes of human–carnivore conflict in and around Machiara National Park, Pakistan. Biological Conservation, 142(10), 2076-2082. Din, J. U., Hameed, S., Shah, K. A., Khan, M. A., Khan, S., Ali, M., & Nawaz, M. A. (2013). Assessment of Canid Abundance and Conflict with Humans in the Hindu Kush Mountain Range of Pakistan. Wildlife Biology in Practice, 9(2). Don Carlos, A. W., Bright, A. D., Teel, T. L., & Vaske, J. J. (2009). Human–black bear conflict in urban areas: an integrated approach to management response. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 14(3), 174-184. Inskip, C., & Zimmermann, A. (2009). Human-felid conflict: a review of patterns and priorities worldwide. Oryx, 43(1), 18-34. Karanth, K. U., Sunquist, M. E., & Chinnappa, K. M. (1999). Long-term monitoring of tigers: lessons from Nagarahole. Riding the tiger: tiger conservation in human-dominated landscapes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 114-122. Kellert, S. R., Black, M., Rush, C. R., & Bath, A. J. (1996). Human culture and large carnivore conservation in North America. Conservation Biology, 10(4), 977-990. Linkie, M., Dinata, Y., Nofrianto, A., & Leader�?�Williams, N. (2007). Patterns and perceptions of wildlife crop raiding in and around Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra. Animal Conservation, 10(1), 127-135. Lodhi, A. (2007). Conservation of leopards in Ayubia National Park, Pakistan. 77 pp. Maclennan, S. D., Groom, R. J., Macdonald, D. W., & Frank, L. G. (2009). Evaluation of a compensation scheme to bring about pastoralist tolerance of lions. Biological Conservation, 142(11), 2419-2427. Meriggi, A., & Lovari, S. (1996). A review of wolf predation in southern Europe: does the wolf prefer wild prey to livestock?. Journal of applied ecology, 33(6),1561-1571. Morehouse, A. T., Tigner, J., & Boyce, M. S. (2018). Coexistence with Large Carnivores Supported by a Predator-Compensation Program. Environmental management, 61(5), 719-731. Mponzi, B. P., Lepczyk, C. A., & Kissui, B. M. (2014). Characteristics and distribution of live-stock losses caused by wild carnivores in Maasai Steppe of northern Tanzania. Human–Wildlife Interactions, 8(2), 7. Naughton�?�Treves, L. (1998). Predicting patterns of crop damage by wildlife around Kibale National Park, Uganda. Conservation biology, 12(1), 156-168. Poessel, S. A., Breck, S. W., Teel, T. L., Shwiff, S., Crooks, K. R., & Angeloni, L. (2013). Patterns of human–coyote conflicts in the Denver Metropolitan Area. The Journal of Wildlife Management, 77(2), 297-305 Polisar, J. R. (2000). Jaguars, pumas, their prey base, and cattle ranching: ecological perspectives of a management issue (Doctoral dissertation, University of Florida) pp 228. Satterfield, L. (2009). Trailing the Snow Leopard: Sustainable Wildlife Conservation in Ladakh (India). Mount Holyoke College. MS thesis-Tibetan and Himalayan Studies, SIT, 72 pp. Sillero-Zubiri, C., & Laurenson, M. K. (2001). Interactions between carnivores and local communities: Conflict or co-existence? (Cambridge University Press) pp 35. Treves, A., & Karanth, K. U. (2003). Human�?�carnivore conflict and perspectives on carnivore management worldwide. Conservation biology, 17(6), 1491-1499.

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巴基斯坦奇特拉尔人类与食肉动物冲突的评估

人类与食肉动物的冲突被认为是一个主要的保护和生计问题(Dar et al.， 2009)。本研究旨在评估人类食肉动物的冲突、冲突的原因、严重程度，并提出缓解冲突的建议。通过访谈问卷、焦点小组讨论、牧场走访和观察等方式对研究区冲突进行评估。结果显示，19%的受访者经历过与食肉动物的冲突。肉食动物对牲畜和家禽的掠夺是冲突的主要原因。在研究地区，狼和狐狸是最受指责的食肉动物。过去7年的捕食案例表明，狼是所有动物中最具破坏性和致命性的捕食者。在牧场，狼造成的破坏占总破坏的90%。而在邻近的村庄，狐狸占家禽掠夺案件总数的73%。在过去的7年里，没有发现雪豹捕食的记录。猞猁和豺狼的掠食案例很少。主要发生在夏季的5 - 9月，而主要发生在冬季的9 - 3月。受访者透露，受影响的家庭没有得到任何补偿，无论是主管部门还是非政府组织，这就是为什么他们对食肉动物的看法不好。28%的人建议杀死食肉动物，22%的人赞成赔偿损失。虽然很少有人建议改善棚屋/珊瑚，但员工青年作为警卫，了解食肉动物的栖息地以减少冲突。结果表明，该地区人类食肉动物冲突较为激烈。然而，它可以通过多个长期的保护计划来减少，包括赔偿，保险计划，提高意识和改善畜禽珊瑚/棚。在该地区引入战利品狩猎也可以在缓解冲突方面发挥至关重要的作用。狩猎所得可用于赔偿损失和该地区的发展目的。关键词:人肉冲突;掠夺;雪豹;狼;狐狸;山猫;艾哈迈德，A.(2013)。拉姆布尔和拉斯普尔河谷的牲畜掠夺模式研究(世界自然基金会巴基斯坦)第11页。Ahmed, H.(2017)。吉德拉尔戈尔国家公园人类与野生动物冲突评估吉德拉戈尔国家公园野生动物部。21页。阿特伍德，t.c.，威克斯，h.p.和格林，t.m.(2004)。郊狼沿城郊-乡村梯度的空间生态学。野生动物学报，28(4)，391 - 391。Bless, C.， Higson-Smith, C.， & Kagee, A.(2006)。社会研究方法基础:非洲视角。Juta和公司有限公司pp 200 Dar, n.i.， Minhas, R. A.， Zaman, Q.， & Linkie, M.(2009)。预测巴基斯坦马基亚拉国家公园及其周边地区人类与食肉动物冲突的模式、观念和原因。生物保护，42(10)，2076-2082。Hameed, Din, j . U S。,沙,k . A。汗·M·A。汗,年代,阿里,M。&纳瓦兹·M·A(2013)。巴基斯坦兴都库什山脉犬科动物数量及其与人类的冲突评价。实践中的野生动物生物学，9(2)。Don Carlos, a.w.， Bright, a.d.， Teel, t.l.和Vaske, j.j.(2009)。城市地区人与黑熊的冲突:管理应对的综合方法。野生动物的人文维度，14(3)，174-184。Inskip, C， & Zimmermann, A.(2009)。人地冲突:世界范围内的模式和优先事项回顾。羚羊，43(1)，18-34。Karanth, K. U, Sunquist, M. E, and Chinnappa, K. M.(1999)。对老虎的长期监测:从Nagarahole吸取的教训。骑虎:在人类主导的景观中保护老虎。剑桥大学出版社，英国剑桥，114-122。凯勒特，S. R.，布莱克，M.，拉什，C. R.，巴斯，A. J.(1996)。北美人类文化与大型食肉动物保护。生态学报，2009(4)，379 - 379。Linkie, M.， Dinata, Y.， Nofrianto, A.， and Leader ?——Williams, N.(2007)。苏门答腊岛Kerinci Seblat国家公园及其周围野生动物作物袭击的模式和看法。动物保护，10(1)，127-135。罗迪，A.(2007)。《巴基斯坦阿尤比亚国家公园的豹子保护》，77页。麦克伦南，s.d.，格鲁姆，r.j.，麦克唐纳，d.w.和弗兰克，l.g.(2009)。评估一项补偿计划，以使牧民对狮子的容忍度提高。生物保护，42(11)，2419-2427。Meriggi, A, and Lovari, S.(1996)。南欧狼捕食的回顾:狼是否更喜欢野生猎物而不是牲畜?应用生态学报，33(6)，1561-1571。Morehouse, a.t.， Tigner, J.， & Boyce, m.s.(2018)。捕食者补偿计划支持与大型食肉动物共存。环境管理，61(5)，719-731。ponzi, b.p.， Lepczyk, c.a.， & Kissui, b.m.(2014)。坦桑尼亚北部马赛草原野生食肉动物造成的牲畜损失特征及分布人类与野生动物互动，8(2)，7。诺顿�?——特里夫斯，L.(1998)。乌干达基巴莱国家公园附近的野生动物预测作物受损模式。生态学报，2012(1)，344 - 344。Poessel, S. A, Breck, S. W.， Teel, T. L, Shwiff, S.， croooks, K. R.， and Angeloni, L.(2013)。丹佛都市圈人类与土狼冲突的模式。张建军，张建军，张建军，等(2000)。美洲虎、美洲狮、它们的猎物基地和牧场:管理问题的生态视角(博士论文，佛罗里达大学)228页。Satterfield, L.(2009)。追踪雪豹:拉达克(印度)可持续野生动物保护。霍利奥克山学院。MS thesis-Tibetan and Himalayan Studies, SIT, 72页。silliro - zubiri, C， & Laurenson, M. K.(2001)。食肉动物与当地社区的互动:冲突还是共存?(剑桥大学出版社)第35页。特里夫斯，A, Karanth, k.u.(2003)。人类�?食肉动物冲突和食肉动物管理的观点。生态学报，17(6)，1491-1499。

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Ukrainian Journal of Ecology BIOLOGY-

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