Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in the Groundwater of Selected Watersheds of Srinagar and Pulwama districts of Kashmir Himalaya

IF 3.8 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution Pub Date : 2023-10-16 DOI:10.1007/s11270-023-06615-y

Rameez A Shah, Aurooj Shafi, S M A Andrabi, Sami Ullah Bhat, Aadil Hamid, N.C. Mondal

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Abstract

The global concern is growing about the increasing risk of people being exposed to heavy metals through drinking water. In this backdrop, we carried out an assessment of 464 groundwater samples for heavy metal concentrations of Co, Cr, Fe, Cd, Cu, Al, Mn, Ni, Zn, and Pb through atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) in the year 2020–2021 in Srinagar and Pulwama districts of Kashmir, India. The study examined the spatial distribution of heavy metals like Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, Co, Al, Ni, and Cr, through contour maps and observed overall low in two different seasons of six different watersheds. There is no significant variation between the means of Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Al, Cd, Mn, Ni, Zn and Pb as the value of p is greater than 0.05 which is attributed to different geochemical and hydrochemical setup. Groundwater samples of these watersheds were evaluated by different indices like WQI, EWQI, HMPI, HMEI, HQ, HI, ILCR, CDI_oral, and CDI_dermal for health risk assessment as well as to determine its suitability for drinking purposes. The water quality index (WQI) indicated that all of the samples (100%) were fit for drinking purposes. The EWQI was quite low, indicating that the water was of high quality for drinking. Health quotient (HQ_oral) values and the health quotient (HQ_dermal) values were < 1 signaling no potential non-carcinogenic health risk. Notwithstanding the above, an assessment of the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) revealed that individuals residing in the area may face potential cancer risks in the future through both oral and dermal pathways. This is due to the situation that ingestion of groundwater contaminated with Cd over a lifetime could result in a potential cancer risk of 5 individuals per every 10⁶ people in the long term, which can be a significant cause for concern.

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克什米尔喜马拉雅斯利那加和普尔瓦马地区部分流域地下水中重金属的空间分布和健康风险评估

全球对人们通过饮用水接触重金属的风险越来越大的担忧与日俱增。在这种背景下，我们通过原子吸收分光光度计（AAS），于2020-2021年在印度克什米尔的斯利那加和普尔瓦马地区对464个地下水样本进行了Co、Cr、Fe、Cd、Cu、Al、Mn、Ni、Zn和Pb重金属浓度的评估。该研究通过等值线图考察了Fe、Zn、Cd、Pb、Cu、Mn、Co、Al、Ni和Cr等重金属的空间分布，并在六个不同流域的两个不同季节观察到总体较低。当p值大于0.05时，Co、Cr、Cu、Fe、Al、Cd、Mn、Ni、Zn和Pb的平均值之间没有显著变化，这归因于不同的地球化学和水化学环境。通过WQI、EWQI、HMPI、HMEI、HQ、HI、ILCR、CDIoral和CDIDerma等不同指数对这些流域的地下水样本进行评估，以进行健康风险评估，并确定其是否适合饮用。水质指数（WQI）表明，所有样品（100%）都适合饮用。EWQI相当低，这表明水的饮用质量很高。健康商（HQoral）值和健康商（HQ真皮）值为<；1表示没有潜在的非致癌健康风险。尽管如此，对癌症终生风险增量（ILCR）的评估显示，居住在该地区的个人未来可能会通过口腔和皮肤途径面临潜在的癌症风险。这是由于长期摄入受Cd污染的地下水可能导致每106人中有5人患癌症的潜在风险，这可能是一个值得关注的重要原因。

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来源期刊

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

6.90%

发文量

448

审稿时长

2.6 months

期刊介绍： Water, Air, & Soil Pollution is an international, interdisciplinary journal on all aspects of pollution and solutions to pollution in the biosphere. This includes chemical, physical and biological processes affecting flora, fauna, water, air and soil in relation to environmental pollution. Because of its scope, the subject areas are diverse and include all aspects of pollution sources, transport, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric pollution, metals, aquatic pollution including marine pollution and ground water, waste water, pesticides, soil pollution, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, effects of pollutants on humans, vegetation, fish, aquatic species, micro-organisms, and animals, environmental and molecular toxicology applied to pollution research, biosensors, global and climate change, ecological implications of pollution and pollution models. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution also publishes manuscripts on novel methods used in the study of environmental pollutants, environmental toxicology, environmental biology, novel environmental engineering related to pollution, biodiversity as influenced by pollution, novel environmental biotechnology as applied to pollution (e.g. bioremediation), environmental modelling and biorestoration of polluted environments. Articles should not be submitted that are of local interest only and do not advance international knowledge in environmental pollution and solutions to pollution. Articles that simply replicate known knowledge or techniques while researching a local pollution problem will normally be rejected without review. Submitted articles must have up-to-date references, employ the correct experimental replication and statistical analysis, where needed and contain a significant contribution to new knowledge. The publishing and editorial team sincerely appreciate your cooperation. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution publishes research papers; review articles; mini-reviews; and book reviews.