Optogenetic control of neural activity: The biophysics of microbial rhodopsins in neuroscience.

IF 7.2 2区 生物学 Q1 BIOPHYSICS
Kiryl D Piatkevich, Edward S Boyden
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Optogenetics, the use of microbial rhodopsins to make the electrical activity of targeted neurons controllable by light, has swept through neuroscience, enabling thousands of scientists to study how specific neuron types contribute to behaviors and pathologies, and how they might serve as novel therapeutic targets. By activating a set of neurons, one can probe what functions they can initiate or sustain, and by silencing a set of neurons, one can probe the functions they are necessary for. We here review the biophysics of these molecules, asking why they became so useful in neuroscience for the study of brain circuitry. We review the history of the field, including early thinking, early experiments, applications of optogenetics, pre-optogenetics targeted neural control tools, and the history of discovering and characterizing microbial rhodopsins. We then review the biophysical attributes of rhodopsins that make them so useful to neuroscience - their classes and structure, their photocycles, their photocurrent magnitudes and kinetics, their action spectra, and their ion selectivity. Our hope is to convey to the reader how specific biophysical properties of these molecules made them especially useful to neuroscientists for a difficult problem - the control of high-speed electrical activity, with great precision and ease, in the brain.

神经活动的光遗传学控制:神经科学中微生物视紫红质的生物物理学。
光遗传学(Optogenetics)是一种利用微生物荷尔蒙蛋白使目标神经元的电活动可受光控制的方法,它已席卷整个神经科学领域,使数以千计的科学家得以研究特定类型的神经元如何对行为和病理做出贡献,以及它们如何可能成为新的治疗靶点。通过激活一组神经元,人们可以探究它们能启动或维持哪些功能;通过沉默一组神经元,人们可以探究它们对哪些功能是必需的。在此,我们将回顾这些分子的生物物理学,探讨为什么它们在神经科学的大脑回路研究中如此有用。我们回顾了这一领域的历史,包括早期思想、早期实验、光遗传学的应用、光遗传学之前的定向神经控制工具,以及发现和描述微生物荷尔蒙蛋白的历史。然后,我们回顾了使其对神经科学如此有用的犀牛蛋白的生物物理属性--它们的类别和结构、它们的光周期、它们的光电流大小和动力学、它们的作用光谱以及它们的离子选择性。我们希望向读者传达,这些分子的特定生物物理特性如何使它们对神经科学家解决难题--在大脑中精确、轻松地控制高速电活动--特别有用。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics
Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 生物-生物物理
CiteScore
12.90
自引率
1.60%
发文量
16
期刊介绍: Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics covers the field of experimental and computational biophysics. Experimental biophysics span across different physics-based measurements such as optical microscopy, super-resolution imaging, electron microscopy, X-ray and neutron diffraction, spectroscopy, calorimetry, thermodynamics and their integrated uses. Computational biophysics includes theory, simulations, bioinformatics and system analysis. These biophysical methodologies are used to discover the structure, function and physiology of biological systems in varying complexities from cells, organelles, membranes, protein-nucleic acid complexes, molecular machines to molecules. The majority of reviews published are invited from authors who have made significant contributions to the field, who give critical, readable and sometimes controversial accounts of recent progress and problems in their specialty. The journal has long-standing, worldwide reputation, demonstrated by its high ranking in the ISI Science Citation Index, as a forum for general and specialized communication between biophysicists working in different areas. Thematic issues are occasionally published.
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